2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28
Keeb kwm ntawm kuv qhov kev tshawb fawb pib ntev dhau los - 5 txhiab xyoo dhau los. Nws yog dab tsi - mine surveying or mine surveying. Cov lus txawv teb chaws hais txog kev siv tshuab yog feem ntau ntawm German keeb kwm. Lub teb chaws Yelemees yeej ib txwm ua tus thawj coj hauv kev lag luam engineering. Yog li ntawd, ntau yam ntsig txog ntau yam kev lag luam muaj npe German.
Dab tsi yog kuv daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas
Tag nrho kev lag luam cuam tshuam nrog kev tsuas yog hu ua mine kev soj ntsuam. Cov lus txhais los ntawm German txhais tau tias "sib cais ciam teb", lossis tus kws tshawb fawb. Kev ntsuam xyuas kuv suav nrog kev txiav txim siab txog thaj tsam ntawm roob deposits, tab sis nws tseem cuam tshuam nrog kev txiav txim siab meej ntawm cov khoom tso nyiaj, nws qhov tshwj xeeb spatial txoj hauj lwm, qhov ua tau ntawm kev loj hlob - txhua yam muaj feem xyuam rau kev txhim kho ntxiv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov tso nyiaj. Tus kws tshawb fawb mine tau koom nrog hauv kev sau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv, ua raws li lawv cov txuj cikev ncaj ncees, cov lus xaus thiab cov duab sawv cev ntawm cov phiaj xwm.
ncig yos hav zoov xwb
Mine kev soj ntsuam yog ib ceg qub tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Thawj qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm kuv tau rov qab mus rau 4th-3rd centuries BC. Lawv tau muaj sia nyob hauv qee qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb los txog niaj hnub no, thiab tseem muaj kev suav thiab kos duab kos duab rau kev txhim kho tom qab. Qee cov tswv yim, ua rau ntawm papyri, tau teeb pom kev zoo - dej yog xim xiav, xuab zeb daj. Cov lus piav qhia rau cov duab kos qhia tias kev ntsuas geodetic ua ntej tau ua tiav. Thiab yog hais tias geodesy twb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 1st tau txais nws thawj ntaus ntawv - ib tug diopter, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub theodolite tom qab tsim, ces lub mine kev soj ntsuam kev lag luam tseem coj zoo, thiab nws hloov mus rau hauv ib tug ywj siab kev lag luam nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm thaj chaw mining, teeb meem tshiab tshwm sim, cov haujlwm tshiab tau teeb tsa. Feem ntau ob peb tus tswv muaj qhov tso nyiaj, thiab ciam teb ntawm lawv qhov chaw yuav tsum tau txhais kom meej ob qho tib si hauv av thiab hauv nws lub plab. Qhov no tau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev qhuab qhia tshiab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, xav tias, nws lub npe tshwm sim - "kev tshawb fawb kuv".
Kev tshwm sim ntawm kev qhuab qhia tshiab
Ib lub voj voog ntawm cov kws tshaj lij koom nrog qhov teeb meem no nkaus xwb, kos duab ntawm kev ntsuas kev tsuas yog pib qhia hauv cov tsev kawm qib siab medieval. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th, thawj cov cuab yeej tshaj lij tau tshwm sim - lub roob compass. Tus nqi ntawm cov cuab yeej tsim nyog rau kev ntsuas adits hauv mines thiab quarries tau nce ntxiv, thiab nws cov qauv tsim tau dhau los ua qhov nyuaj. Rau cov neeg txawj nyeem ntawvcov kws tshaj lij xav tau los ua haujlwm. Txij li thaum cov kev suav yuav ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov neeg coob coob hauv lub plab hauv lub ntiaj teb, cov engineers raug yuam kom tau txais kev kawm mining siab dua.
Lavxias teb mine kev tshawb fawb, zoo li tag nrho cov mining thiab tag nrho kev lag luam, tau txais lub zog loj rau kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv Peter I. Cov kev ua tiav ntawm German industrial tsev kawm ntawv coj los ua lub hauv paus tau ntxiv los ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm Lavxias teb sab craftsmen. Thiab nyob rau hauv Russia, cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb kev tshawb fawb tau pib luam tawm, kev cob qhia rau kev tsim cov cuab yeej precision raug tsim (compasses, quadrants, astrolabes zoo heev tau tsim nyob rau hauv ib lub rooj cob qhia ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences), cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab tau qhib uas. tsim high-class engineers. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv (tsev kawm ntawv) tau qhib nyob rau hauv Russia los cob qhia tsuas yog cov kws tshwj xeeb hauv mining thiab mine kev soj ntsuam. Thiab nyob rau hauv cov lus pom zoo rau lub taub hau ntawm mining thiab metallurgical kev lag luam ntawm lub Urals, ib qho kev qhia tau muab, teev nyob rau hauv lub "Factory Charter" nyob rau hauv nqe lus VI, uas tsuas yog cov kws tshwj xeeb ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws tau txais rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus thawj neeg soj ntsuam, los yog neeg soj ntsuam.
Xim ntawm kev soj ntsuam kuv hauv tsev
Txoj kev dav dav ntawm kuv qhov kev tshawb fawb tau tsim los ntawm M. V. Lomonosov. Rau kev tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm domestic mine kev tshawb fawb, xws li Lavxias teb sab kws tshawb fawb G. A. Maksimovich, tus sau phau ntawv, P. A. Olyshev, uas invented lub Lavxias teb sab theodolite nrog ib tug eccentric yeeb nkab, G. A. Lub sij hawm, uas luam tawm phau ntawv qhia siv theodolite thiab compass hauv kuv., ua ntau heev. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm V. I. Bauman,Lub koom haum ntawm ob lub koom haum All-Union ntawm Lavxias teb sab mine surveyors - nyob rau hauv 1913 thiab 1921. Nyob rau hauv 1905, nws luam tawm cov hauj lwm "Course of Mine Surveying Art", thiab nyob rau hauv 1921, thawj zaug nyob rau hauv Russia (Petrograd Mining lub koom haum), ib tug tshiab tshwj xeeb qhia tau hais tias kev cob qhia mine surveying engineers. Nws tsis yooj yim sua kom tsis nco qab qhov zoo ntawm P. M. Lentovsky, uas tau kawm txog qhov kev tshawb fawb no hauv Fabkis thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees. Thaum nws rov qab los rau nws lub tebchaws, nws tau tsim thawj cov ntawv xov xwm tshaj lij ntawm kuv qhov kev soj ntsuam thiab tsim qib tsis siv neeg.
Nyob rau xyoo 1938, ib tsob nroj rau kev tsim cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb tau qhib hauv Kharkov, qhov twg M-1 gyrocompass thiab DA-2 qhov ntsuas qhov tob tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv.
Ua haujlwm zoo - them nyiaj zoo
Nyob rau hauv Tsarist Russia, txoj hauj lwm ntawm ib tug engineer yeej ib txwm muaj kev hwm thiab them nyiaj zoo. Lub tsev Ipatiev muaj npe tom qab tus engineer Ipatiev, tus tswv kawg ntawm lub tsev loj. Cov neeg ua haujlwm siab tsarist muaj peev xwm them taus kom muaj lub tsev zoo nkauj thiab nyob tau yooj yim. Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, tsis muaj kev sib tw rau ib tug tshwj xeeb "engineer-mine surveyor". Tej zaum tej yam yuav hloov tau zoo dua tam sim no.
Pom zoo:
Coal: mining hauv Russia thiab hauv ntiaj teb. Qhov chaw thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov thee mining
Kev lag luam thee tsuas yog ntu loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev lag luam roj. Txhua xyoo, qib ntawm cov thee ntau lawm nce thoob plaws ntiaj teb, cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tau paub zoo, cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo dua
Lub pov haum mining: hom thiab txoj hauv kev, tso nyiaj
Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub ua los ntawm cov pob zeb muaj txiaj ntsig tau tsim ua ntej peb lub sijhawm. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov hnub, lawv rho tawm ntawm lub pob yog spontaneous tshaj li npaj. Tib neeg tau pib rho tawm cov zaub mov muaj txiaj ntsig tsis ntev los no, los ntawm cov qauv ntawm keeb kwm, tau kawg
Dab tsi yog qhov project technology? Kev tsim kho ntawm ib qhov project technology. Piv txwv ntawm ib qhov project technology
Raws li ib feem ntawm tsab xov xwm, peb yuav pom tias qhov project thev naus laus zis yog dab tsi, thiab tseem ua haujlwm tawm cov teeb meem ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob
Gold mining. Kub mining txoj kev. Mining kub ntawm tes
Gold mining pib thaum ub. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm noob neej, kwv yees li 168.9 txhiab tons ntawm precious hlau tau raug mined, yuav luag 50% ntawm uas mus rau ntau yam ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Yog hais tias tag nrho cov mined kub tau sau nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw, ces ib lub voos xwmfab yuav tsim kom siab li ib tug 5-storey tsev, muaj ib tug ntug - 20 meters
Silver mining: txoj hauv kev thiab txoj hauv kev, kev tso nyiaj tseem ceeb, ua lub teb chaws hauv cov nyiaj mining
Nyiaj yog cov hlau tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws. Nws cov khoom zoo heev - thermal conductivity, tshuaj tiv thaiv, hluav taws xob conductivity, siab ductility, tseem ceeb reflectivity thiab lwm yam tau coj cov hlau mus rau dav siv nyob rau hauv hniav nyiaj hniav kub, hluav taws xob engineering thiab ntau lwm yam kev lag luam kev ua lag luam. Piv txwv li, daim iav hauv cov hnub qub tau tsim los siv cov hlau zoo nkauj no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, 4/5 ntawm tag nrho cov khoom ntim tau siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam lag luam
