Rhenium: daim ntawv thov thiab cov khoom

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 13:55

Rhenium, daim ntawv thov uas yuav tau tham hauv qab no, yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub sijhawm tshuaj lom neeg hauv qab atomic Performance index 75 (Re). Lub npe ntawm cov khoom yog los ntawm tus dej Rhine hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Lub xyoo ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm cov hlau no yog xyoo 1925. Thawj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom tau txais hauv xyoo 1928. Cov khoom no belongs rau qhov kawg analogue nrog cov isotope ruaj khov. Los ntawm nws tus kheej, rhenium yog hlau nrog ib tug dawb tint, thiab nws cov hmoov loj yog dub. Melting thiab boiling cov ntsiab lus ntawm +3186 txog +5596 degrees Celsius. Nws muaj cov yam ntxwv paramagnetic.

Ntse

Kev siv rhenium tsis yog dav vim nws qhov tshwj xeeb tsis zoo thiab tus nqi siab. Ntawm +300 ° C, cov hlau pib ua haujlwm rau oxidation, cov txheej txheem ntawm qhov nyob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntxiv. Cov khoom no ruaj khov dua li tungsten, xyaum tsis cuam tshuam nrog hydrogen thiab nitrogen, muab tsuas yog adsorption.

Thaum cua sov, cov tshuaj chlorine, bromine thiab fluorine raug sau tseg. Rhenium tsis yaj tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nitric acid, thiab thaum interacting nrog mercury, ib tug amalgam yog tsim. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog aqueous peroxide muaj pes tsawg leeghydrogen ua rau tsim rhenium acid. Cov khoom no tsuas yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau refractory uas tsis tsim carbides. Kev siv rhenium tsis muaj kev koom tes hauv biochemistry. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv me me txog tag nrho nws cov teebmeem tshwm sim. Ntawm qhov tseeb tseeb - toxicity thiab toxicity rau cov kab mob nyob.

Production

Rhenium yog cov hlau tsis tshua muaj neeg. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, nws yog feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog nrog tungsten thiab molybdenum. Tsis tas li ntawd, impurities muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntxhia deposits ntawm nws cov neeg zej zog nyob rau hauv lub rooj. Rhenium feem ntau yog mined los ntawm molybdenum deposits los ntawm kev cuam tshuam extraction.

Ntxiv rau, cov ntsiab lus hauv nqe lus nug yog muab rho tawm los ntawm dzhezkazganite, ib qho tsis tshua muaj ntuj ntxhia, uas yog lub npe hu ua tom qab Kazakh qhov chaw nyob ze ntawm qhov tso nyiaj. Rhenium tuaj yeem raug cais tawm ntawm pyrite, zirconium, columbite.

Cov hlau tau tawg thoob plaws ntiaj teb hauv qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Ntawm cov chaw mining paub, qhov twg nws pom muaj ntau qhov tseem ceeb, yog Kuril Island ntawm Iturup hauv Russia. Qhov kev tso nyiaj tau pom nyob rau hauv 1992. Ntawm no cov hlau tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov qauv zoo ib yam li molybdenum (ReS_2).

Mining yog nqa tawm ntawm lub platform me me nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub roob hluav taws kub hnyiab. Thermal springs yog nquag muaj nyob rau ntawd, uas qhia txog kev nthuav dav ntawm qhov tso nyiaj, uas, raws li kev kwv yees ua ntej, tawm txog 37 tons ntawm cov hlau no hauv ib xyoos.

Qhov thib ob qhov tso nyiaj loj tshaj plaws yog suav tias yog rhenium tso nyiaj tsim nyog rauindustrial element extraction. Nws nyob hauv Finland thiab hu ua Hitura. Nyob ntawd, cov hlau tau muab rho tawm los ntawm lwm cov ntxhia - tarkyanite.

Tau txais

Rhenium yog tau los ntawm kev ua cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, uas pib muaj feem pua ntawm cov khoom no tsawg. Feem ntau, lub caij yog muab rho tawm los ntawm tooj liab thiab molybdenum sulfides. Rhenium alloys raug rau kev kho mob pyrometallurgical, uas yog siv thaum ua hauj lwm nrog ores smelted, hloov dua siab tshiab thiab roasted.

Cov kub melting ntau dhau ua rau kom tau txais cov oxide ntau dua Re-207, uas tau khaws cia los ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tshwj xeeb. Nws tshwm sim tias ib feem ntawm lub caij nyob rau hauv soot tom qab tua. Cov khoom ntshiab tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm cov khoom no nrog kev pab ntawm hydrogen. Tom qab ntawd lub resulting hmoov yog melted ncaj qha mus rau hauv rhenium ingots. Kev siv cov ore rau kev rho tawm ntawm cov khoom hauv nqe lus nug yog nrog los ntawm cov tsos ntawm sediment nyob rau hauv matte. Kev hloov pauv ntxiv ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg no tso cai rau kev sib cais ntawm rhenium los ntawm kev raug rau qee yam gases.

Technological moments

Nws tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov xav tau siab thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom vim yog cov khoom ntawm rhenium thiab kev siv sulfuric acid. Tom qab dhau los ntawm txoj kev ua kom huv tshwj xeeb, nws muaj peev xwm cais cov khoom ntshiab ntawm cov ore.

Txoj kev no tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom ntshiab tsis ntau tshaj 65%. Qhov ntsuas no txawv nyob ntawm seb cov ntsiab lus hlau hauv cov ore. Nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus no, scientifickev tshawb fawb los txheeb xyuas ntau dua thiab lwm txoj hauv kev tsim khoom.

Cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub ua rau nws tuaj yeem ua kom zoo dua cov khoom ntawm cov khoom tsim tau rhenium. Cov tshuaj no tso cai rau siv cov tshuaj aqueous es tsis txhob siv cov kua qaub. Qhov no ua rau nws tuaj yeem ntes cov hlau ntshiab ntau dua thaum ntxuav.

Daim ntawv thov

Ua ntej, xav txog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntsiab lus nug, uas nws txaus siab tshwj xeeb:

• Refractoriness.
• Tsawg raug rau corrosion.
• Tsis muaj deformation thaum raug tshuaj thiab acids.

Vim tias tus nqi ntawm cov hlau no siab heev, nws yog siv feem ntau hauv cov khoom tsis tshua muaj. Lub ntsiab ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm cov khoom no yog tsim los ntawm tshav kub-resistant alloys nrog ntau yam hlau, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm rockets thiab aviation kev lag luam. Raws li txoj cai, rhenium yog siv los tsim cov khoom seem rau supersonic fighters. Cov tebchaw xws li muaj tsawg kawg yog 6% hlau.

Qhov chaw zoo li no tau hloov pauv sai sai rau hauv cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb los tsim lub dav hlau fais fab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom siv tau pib suav tias yog tub rog-tsim cia tseg. Tshwj xeeb muab cov khub niam txiv thermal tso cai rau ntsuas qhov kub thiab txias hauv qhov loj. Cov ntsiab lus hauv nqe lus nug ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom ntev kev pab cuam lub neej ntawm feem ntau aggregated hlau. Los ntawm rhenium, kev siv uas tau tham saum toj no, cov springs kuj tau tsim rau cov cuab yeej precision, platinum hlau, spectrometers, siab ntsuas.

Yogntau precisely, nws siv rhenium-coated tungsten. Vim nws tsis kam mus rau tshuaj tua kab mob, cov hlau no muaj nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv acidic thiab alkaline ib puag ncig.

Ntiaj teb qhov tseeb

Rhenium kuj tseem siv los ua kev sib cuag tshwj xeeb. Lawv muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm kev tu tus kheej thaum muaj qhov luv luv. Ntawm cov hlau zoo tib yam, oxide tseem nyob, uas tsis tso cai rau kev hla tam sim no. Tam sim no kuj dhau los ntawm rhenium alloys, tab sis nws tsis tawm ib qho kab hauv qab nws tus kheej. Hauv qhov no, kev sib cuag los ntawm cov hlau no muaj lub neej ua haujlwm ntev.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev siv rhenium yog qhov muaj peev xwm siv nws los tsim cov catalysts uas pab tsim qee yam ntawm cov roj av. Qhov ua tau ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg hauv kev lag luam cov khoom lag luam ua rau muaj kev nce hauv nws qhov kev thov hauv kev lag luam sib xws los ntawm ntau zaus. Lub ntiaj teb no txaus siab rau cov khoom tshwj xeeb no.

Tshuag

Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias lub ntiaj teb cov khoom lag luam ntawm rhenium yog tsawg kawg yog 13 txhiab tons hauv molybdenum thiab tooj liab tso nyiaj. Lawv yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom no hauv kev lag luam metallurgy. Ntau tshaj 2/3 ntawm tag nrho cov rhenium nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no muaj nyob rau hauv xws configurations. Qhov thib peb yog cov seem thib ob. Yog tias peb txo tag nrho cov kev suav nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau ib tus lej, lawv yuav tsum txaus rau tsawg kawg peb puas xyoo. Hauv kev suav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, kev rov ua dua tshiab tsis raug suav nrog. Zoo sib xwstej yaam num tau tsim los ntev, qee qhov tau ua pov thawj tias lawv muaj nqis.

Tus nqi

Cov nqi khoom hauv ntau pawg yog tsim los ntawm qhov muaj thiab qhov xav tau ntawm cov khoom. Ib qho khoom siv xws li rhenium yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau kim tshaj plaws nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, yog li tsis yog txhua tus neeg tsim khoom muaj peev xwm them taus nws, txawm hais tias nws muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los cuam tshuam cov nqi ntawm kev siv kim. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, rhenium muaj qhov tsis muaj lwm yam hlau muaj. Rau cov creation ntawm qhov chaw thiab aviation qauv, nws cov yam ntxwv yog zoo tagnrho. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias tus nqi ntawm rhenium yog siab, txawm hais tias nws sib haum rau txhua qhov ntsuas tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb no.

Tam sim no xyoo 2011, tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm rhenium yog kwv yees li 4.5 US las ib gram. Tom qab ntawd, tsis muaj kev poob qis hauv cov nqi tau pom. Feem ntau tus nqi kawg yog nyob ntawm qib ntawm kev ua kom huv ntawm cov hlau. Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau txhiab daus las lossis ntau dua.

Discovery keeb kwm

Cov khoom no tau tshawb pom los ntawm German chemists Ead thiab W alter Noddack hauv xyoo 1925. Lawv tau tshawb fawb siv columbispectral tsom xam hauv chav kuaj ntawm Siemens thiab Shake pab pawg. Tom qab qhov xwm txheej no, ib tsab ntawv tshaj tawm tau muaj nyob rau ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm German chemists hauv Nuremberg. Ib xyoos tom qab, ib pab pawg kws tshawb fawb tau cais thawj ob milligrams ntawm rhenium los ntawm molybdenum.

Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv dawb huv, lub caij tsuas yog tau txais xyoo 1928. Rau tau txaisib milligram ntawm cov tshuaj yuav tsum tau ua ntau tshaj 600 kilograms ntawm Norwegian molybdenum. Kev tsim khoom ntawm cov hlau no kuj tau pib hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees (1930). Lub peev xwm ntawm kev ua cov nroj tsuag tau ua kom tau li 120 kg ntawm cov hlau txhua xyoo. Lub sijhawm ntawd, qhov no txaus siab rau qhov xav tau ntawm rhenium nyob rau hauv tag nrho lub ntiaj teb ua lag luam. Hauv Asmeskas, thawj qhov kev lag luam 4.5 kg ntawm cov hlau tshwj xeeb tau txais hauv xyoo 1943 los ntawm kev ua cov concentrated molybdenum. Nws yog lub caij no uas dhau los ua qhov kawg pom hlau nrog cov isotope ruaj khov. Tag nrho lwm cov analogues pom ua ntej, suav nrog kev tsim khoom, tsis muaj cov khoom zoo li no.

Natural reserves

Txog hnub tim, raws li cov khoom khaws cia ntawm cov hlau hauv nqe lus nug, cov npe ntawm cov nyiaj tso cia tuaj yeem npaj raws li hauv qab no:

• Chilean mines.
• Tebchaws Meskas.
• Iturup Island, qhov chaw tso nyiaj kwv yees txog li 20 tons hauv ib xyoos (hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov roj hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tawg).

Nyob rau hauv Lavxias Federation, ib nrab-element hydrogen-type deposits raug soj ntsuam raws li qhov chaw uas muaj peev xwm tshaj plaws rau porphyry tooj liab thiab tooj liab-molybdenum ores. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, raws li cov kws txawj 'forecasts, rhenium deposits nyob rau hauv Russia yog 2900 tons (76% ntawm lub xeev cov peev txheej). Tus tsov ntxhuav feem ntawm cov deposits yog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Moscow thee phiab (82%). Tom ntej no daim teb hais txog kev khaws cia yog Briketno-Zheltukhinsky phiab hauv cheeb tsam Ryazan.

Result

Rhenium yog ib qho tshuaj lom neeg uasbelongs rau cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov hlau tsis tshua muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Nws cov khoom, qhov chaw ntawm extraction, scopes tau piav saum toj no.