Cov kev sib tw ua ntej li cas thiab lawv ua li cas hnub no? Swedish kev sib tw

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Kev tsim cov khoom sib tw tsis yog ntau xyoo. Tsis muaj kev sib piv nrog lub hnub nyoog ntawm noob neej. Meanwhile, lo lus nug ntawm lawv invention yog yuav luag ib lo lus nug ntawm taming hluav taws. Qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom hluav taws kub hnyiab tau los ua ib lub hnab tshos, hnav cov kev xaiv, rho tawm thiab tawg yog tias tsim nyog, tej zaum yuav tshwm sim sai sai - tom qab tag nrho, tau txais nws thiab tswj lub hearth "nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm" yog ib qho tseem ceeb, tab sis heev tedious thiab teeb meem hauj lwm rau cov neeg thaum ub..

thawj qhov sib tw

Hnub no peb paub tias cov neeg thaum ub tau nplaim taws li cas. Lawv rub tej daim ntoo tawm tsam ib leeg mus txog thaum lawv tig mus ua hmoov av smoldering. Tom qab ntawd pom cov pob zeb tsim nyog, uas, thaum ntaus, ntaus pob zeb.

Cov neeg Loos thaum ub thiab Greeks siv lo ntsiab muag concave. Nyob rau hnub tshav ntuj, lawv tsom cov kab teeb uas ua kom sov cov khoom tsim nyog kom txog thaum nws tawg.

Tab sis qee qhov piv txwv ntawm thawj qhov kev sib tw tsuas yog tshwm sim ntawm cov neeg suav nruab nrab. Raws li cov ntawv sau ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, lawv siv cov chips nyias nrog cov lus qhia, uas yog siv cov sulfur. Tab sis cov sticks no tsis ua hauj lwm los tsim hluav taws, tab sis tsuas yog los pab txhawb cov txheej txheem ntawm qhov hluav taws kub. Cov hluav taws nyob rau hnub ntawd tau txais kev pab ntawm tinder thiab flint.

Qee lub sij hawm tom qab, thaum Suav novelty nkag mus rau cov teb chaws Europe, cov sulphurs pib siv nyob rau ntawd thiab. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis ntev: qhov kev tshawb pom tom ntej hauv chemistry tau txhim kho lawv ntau heev uas lawv poob lawv lub hom phiaj qub thiab pib ua haujlwm ncaj qha rau kev tsim hluav taws.

Cia peb xav txog keeb kwm ntawm kev sib tw kom ntxaws ntxiv.

Gankwitz, Chansel & Walker

Thaum tsis muaj txoj cai lij choj patent, niaj hnub no peb tuaj yeem sau npe rau cov kws tshawb fawb, tab sis leej twg yog thawj tus tsim cov hluav taws no? European powers sib tw txoj cai rau ntau yam kev tshawb pom - thiab qee qhov kev tsim kho tau tshwm sim yuav luag ib txhij. Kev tshawb fawb tsis nyob twj ywm.

Tus kws tshawb fawb German Hankwitz, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, tau tswj kom ua tiav cov nplaim taws los ntawm kev txhuam tus pas nrog lub taub hau sulfur ntawm ib daim ntawm phosphorus. Tab sis, raws li niaj zaus, txhua qhov kev tsim kho tshiab muaj lawv qhov tsis zoo, qee zaum ua rau puas tsuaj lossis txaus ntshai rau kev noj qab haus huv. Hankwitz ntais ntawv hlawv me ntsis thiab tawg thaum ignited.

Thiab xyoo 1805 tus txiv neej Fab Kis Fab Kis Jean Chancel tau tsim lwm qhov kev hloov pauv - "ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob". Resin nrog ntxiv sulfur thiab bartholite ntsev yog siv rau ib tug pas. Nws yog txaus rau dip no stick nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid thiab - voila! - ntawm no yog hluav taws. Tab sis leej twg yuav nqa concentrated acid nrog lawv? Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov heev uas ua rau nws ua rau tus neeg tua hluav taws kub hnyiab heev.

A 1826tau cim los ntawm cov tsos ntawm ib hom ntawm yuav luag tiag tiag match. Tus txiv neej Askiv John Walker, tus kws kho mob los ntawm kev lag luam, ib zaug sib xyaw tshuaj thiab pib hluav taws los ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm lub rooj tsav xwm emery nrog ib tug pas, qhov kawg ntawm cov uas tau coated nrog ib tug sib tov ntawm sulfur compound, bertolet ntsev thiab acacia gum.

Qhov kev tsim kho zoo li no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig kev lag luam, tab sis tus neeg qeeb-witted Walker tsis thab kom tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj thiab qhia nws qhov kev paub rau txhua tus.

Lucifers

Thiab Xamuyee Jones cuam tshuam lub baton - nws txo qhov ntev ntawm tus pas, muab cov khoom tshiab lub npe "Lucifer", teeb tsa kev tsim khoom thiab teeb tsa kev muag khoom. Cov khoom sib tw tau ntim rau hauv lub thawv ntim thiab muag hauv pob ntawm 100.

Txawm li cas los xij, ib yam li yav dhau los, kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj potassium chlorate (raws li kws tshuaj hu ua Bertolet's ntsev) nrog leej faj yog qhov tsis tuaj yeem xav txog hauv kev tuav - cov hluav taws kub hnyiab tau rhiab rau kev sib txhuam thiab kev poob siab, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev tawg thiab, tsawg kawg, tawg ntawm sparks. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tso pa phem thaum siv.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsis sib xws

Hmoov tsis zoo, tus tub muaj peev xwm Fab Kis Charles Soria nrhiav tsis tau 1500 francs los patent nws invention. Nws tsev neeg txom nyem thiab tsis muaj chaw tau nyiaj. Tab sis nws yog Soria uas muaj lub meej mom ntawm inventing self-igniting torches. Saib xyuas kev sim hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab kev sim ntawm nws tus kheej kev phom sij thiab kev pheej hmoo, muaj ib hnub nws tsoo lub teeb rau ntawm phab ntsa, uas phosphorus raug smeared, nrog bartholite ntsev thiab sulfur siv rau nws. Lub splinter tam sim ntawd flared.

Tshiab hauv qhov kev tsim kho no yog tias tam sim no qhov kev sib tw tsis tawg. Txhua yam uas xav tau yog qhov chaw kho nrog phosphorus.

Thiab ib xyoos tom qab, xyoo 1831, qhov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tus kheej tau "tsim" dua, lub sijhawm no tau ua tiav, los ntawm German Kammerer, thiab xyoo 1836 - nrog cov hlau lead oxide ntxiv - los ntawm Hungarian Janos Irini.

Swedish matches

Yog li, cov khoom tsim nyog hauv kev tsim cov hluav taws kub tau siv tsis yog rau nws lub taub hau, tab sis rau saum npoo ntawm lub thawv. Tab sis lawv tseem siv cov phosphorus dawb, uas yog tshuaj lom. Cov txheeb cais ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau pom ntau dhau ntawm cov kab mob thiab kev tuag ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv cov chaw sib tw.

Swede Johan Lundström hauv 1855 tau npaj kom tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom dawb phosphorus ob qho tib si hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub taub hau thiab hauv daim nplaum, hloov nws nrog liab. Nws kuj yog combustible, tab sis tsis lom. Nov yog qhov kev sib tw Swedish tau yug los.

Ntxiv rau, cov nplaum lawv tus kheej tau ntxiv nrog ammonium phosphate. Nws muab dab tsi? Tom qab kev txo qis, lawv tsis smolder, zoo li yav dhau los, thiab tsis ignite spontaneously - uas txhais tau hais tias lawv tsis muaj hluav taws kub txaus ntshai.

Cov kev sib tw Swedish no tuaj yeem suav tias yog cov qauv ntawm cov niaj hnub no. Lawv cov khoom lag luam tsis yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kim thiab nyab xeeb, uas ua rau nws ua tau rau Sweden ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tig mus rau hauv lub tebchaws tiag tiag. Thiab Lundstrem tau txais khoom plig tom qab ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev nthuav qhia nyob rau hauv Paris.

In Russia

In the 30s XIXnyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua, tus nqi ntawm qhov sib tw rau 100 daim yog ib tug ruble nyob rau hauv nyiaj. Thiab lub ntim rau lawv yog ua los ntawm ntoo los yog tin.

Tab sis tsuas yog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, ib daim duab me me muaj yeeb yuj tau daig ntawm txhua lub thawv ntawm qhov sib tw. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv tau sib txawv, thiab dhau sij hawm lawv tau los ua cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sau ntawm ib hom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg sau khoom - phylumenists.

Cov kev sib tw ua li cas hnub no? Nyob rau hauv Russia, lawv tau ua thiab yog ua los ntawm aspen. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub taub hau, nws yog xyaum zoo tib yam Swedish match: nws muaj xws li sulfur, berthollet ntsev, manganese oxide thiab iav hmoov. Cov khoom siv tau hloov pauv me ntsis kom cov nplaum tsis tuaj yeem tawg, sai sai tua, tab sis hlawv kom maj mam li sai tau.

Hnub no cov khoom sib tw yog tsim rau ntau yam kev xav tau. Piv txwv li, roj thiab qhov cub - txhawm rau ua kom nws yooj yim dua rau lub teeb ntawm lub qhov cub roj lossis qhov cub. Cov teeb liab sib tw muab lub teeb ci ntsa iab thiab pom tau tias nyob deb. Cov duab ci ntsa iab, tab sis kuj hlawv tawm tam sim ntawd. Cov khoom siv hauv tsev muaj nyob rau hauv pob loj. Muaj cov khoom sib tw tsim los rau lub teeb cigars thiab cov kav dej. Kuj tseem muaj kev tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg yos hav zoov - lawv tsis ntshai los nag lossis cua thiab teeb pom kev hauv huab cua huab cua tshaj plaws.

Tus nqi ntawm qhov sib tw tam sim no nruab nrab 1 ruble rau ib lub thawv tsis tu ncua (40 daim, rau tsev neeg xav tau) lossis 20 rubles (cov thawv loj, 500 daim). Los ntawm 29 mus rau 35 rubles (nyob ntawm seb qhov ntev ntawm cov khoom) muaj qhov sib tw rau cov teeb pom kev zoo ntawm cov roj burners, qhov cub thiab qhov cub. Qhov ntawd yog hais txog tib tus nqi rau cigars, tab sisfilling lub thawv yog tsawg - 20 pieces. Rau tib tus naj npawb ntawm qhov kev sib tw ntev ntev npaj rau cov neeg nyiam sab nraum zoov, koj yuav tau them los ntawm 80 txog 100 rubles.

Peb tau tham txog qhov kev sib tw tau ua li cas thiab ua tau.