SAU "Acacia". Tus kheej-propelled howitzer 2S3 "Acacia": specifications thiab duab

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

"Acacia" - 152-mm self-propelled howitzer (GABTU index - khoom 303). Tsim los ntawm ib pab neeg tsim qauv los ntawm Ural Transport Engineering Plant nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm F. F. Petrov and G. S. Efimov. SAU 2S3 "Acacia" yog tsim los rhuav tshem thiab tua cov mortar thiab artillery roj teeb, yeeb ncuab manpower, riam phom, tso tsheb hlau luam, foob pob ua ntxaij launchers, tactical nuclear riam phom, lus txib thiab lwm yam.

Tshuaj hloov pauv

Txog thaum nruab nrab-sixties ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, nws tus kheej-propelled artillery installations (ACS) ntawm lub Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, xws li SU-100, ISU-152 thiab ISU-122, txuas ntxiv mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub USSR. tub rog. Cov tsheb no tau ua ke cov kev zoo ntawm cov tshuab cannon-howitzer nrog lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv lub tank. Nws yog rau qhov kev paub ntau yam uas lawv nyiam los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv qub, uas muaj kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua thaum Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Loj. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog kev hloov ntawm tiam neeg ntawm cov tub ceev xwm thiabGenerals maj mam tsim cov kev xav tshiab ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm kev siv tus kheej-propelled artillery nyob rau hauv kev ua tsov ua rog niaj hnub no.

Yog li, tshwj xeeb, cov yeeb ncuab tseem ceeb ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab lwm yam tsheb armored tsis yog ib qho projectile zoo tib yam, tab sis yog lub foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv lub tank (ATGM). Hauv qhov no, cov kws tshaj lij tub rog tau txiav txim siab tias, ntawm ib sab, kev teeb tsa ntawm tus kheej-propelled artillery yuav tsum tsis txhob tshwj xeeb hauv kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov tsheb hnyav, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, cov phom tshiab ntawm tus kheej yuav tsum tsis txhob "hnav khaub ncaws". nyob rau hauv tuab armor, vim hais tias ATGMs tuaj yeem nkag mus txawm tias muaj zog tshaj ntawm lawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua tshiab, kev teeb tsa tus kheej-propelled artillery yuav tsum muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws, kev thauj mus los ntawm huab cua thiab nce buoyancy. Txhawm rau kom cov txheej txheem ua tau raws li cov cai no, nws yuav tsum tau tso tseg cov cuab yeej hnyav thiab muab kev nyiam rau kev tiv thaiv mos txwv. Raws li kev tso ntawm rab phom, txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau tua hluav taws, nws yuav tsum tsis txhob muab tso rau hauv ib qho armored raj, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb do rotating turret, uas yuav tso cai rau lub complex ua hluav taws kub. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho ntawm cov kev cai tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog yog los tsim kom muaj peev xwm siv riam phom nuclear nrog cov phom uas siv tus kheej hloov tshiab.

Backstory

Kev pib ua haujlwm ntawm Acacia tus kheej-propelled phom tau ua ntej los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav kev tshawb fawb loj, thaum lub sijhawm kev sib piv ntawm cov tshuab phom loj tsim thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob (xws li SU-100, SU-152 thiab lwm tus) tau tsim, thiab tseem ntawm lub sijhawm tom qab tsov rog - ob leeg neeg tua phom thiab txawv teb chaws. Yog li, nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb fawb ua hauj lwm, cov koom haumthiab cov lag luam ntawm kev tiv thaiv complex ntawm USSR tau npaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm lub chassis, uas yuav muaj 152-mm phom. Raws li ib tug ntawm lawv, ib tug self-propelled howitzer tau ua hauj lwm tawm nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub tank undercarriage ntawm cov khoom "118", "123" thiab "124" los ntawm engineers ntawm lub Sverdlovsk tshuab-tsev cog. Hauv qhov project no, nws tau npaj los tso ib rab phom loj ntawm D-20 towed phom rau hauv lub turret.

Nyob rau hauv lwm qhov kev hloov pauv, nws tau npaj siab los tsim cov phom Acacia tus kheej-propelled raws li cov khoom thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm lub tank nruab nrab T-64 ("khoom 432"). Cov kws tshaj lij tau thov kom tso ib rab phom 152-mm rau hauv ib lub armored turret ua ke nrog rab phom tshuab coaxial. Qhov kev txiav txim siab no tau nrov heev, txij li T-64 yog thawj lub tank tom qab kev ua tsov rog thib ob. Nws tau siv ntau qhov kev daws teeb meem tshiab, nws tau txawv los ntawm nws cov thawj khiav iav thiab tsis siv neeg loader. Lub sijhawm ntawd, lub tshuab no tau nrov heev rau kev kawm txog kev cog lus ntawm cov tsheb armored. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li kev tshawb fawb txog kev paub txog kev siv cov phom loj ntawm tus kheej, nrog rau cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tsos ntawm lub installation, kev nyiam raug muab rau lub tswv yim ntawm kev txhim kho yav tom ntej ntawm cov phom tus kheej. Thiab rau kev ua haujlwm ntxiv ntawm kev tsim cov phom tua tus kheej ntawm Acacia, lub undercarriage ntawm Sverdlovsk Tshuab-Lub Tsev cog tau pom zoo.

History of Creation

Ua ke nrog 152 mmRaws li ib qho nyuaj, cov nroj tsuag tsim tsim ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam nws tus kheej-propelled artillery systems: lub 122-mm Gvozdika thiab Violet howitzers, raws li zoo raws li 240-mm Tyulpan mortar. Hauv paus qauv tshiab ntawm cov phom tus kheej tau tsim los tshem tawm cov backlog ntawm USSR los ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm NATO bloc nyob rau hauv no nam. "Acacia" tau tsim los pab cov tub rog ntawm cov phom motorized thiab tank faib. Qhov no tus kheej-propelled howitzer tau tsim los rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab lub npog thiab qhib cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov cuab yeej siv tub rog thiab riam phom, nrog rau lwm yam khoom mus rau qhov tob ntawm kev faib cov kev txaus siab. Lub artillery complex tau tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub chassis ntawm kev sim tus kheej-propelled phom "khoom 105" thiab "khoom 120", raws li zoo raws li lub Krug huab cua tiv thaiv system.

Thawj ob tus qauv tsim los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 1968, txawm li cas los xij, thaum lub sijhawm kev sim, qhov tsis txaus ntseeg loj tau tshwm sim, tshwj xeeb, muaj cov pa phem heev ntawm cov pej thuam conning. Vim qhov tsis txaus no, plaub qhov qauv ntxiv, tsim los ntawm lub caij ntuj sov xyoo tom ntej, tau raug tsis lees paub. Tom qab kev txhim kho ntawm qhov cua tshuab, qhov teeb meem no tau daws, vim li ntawd, thawj koob ntawm Acacia self-propelled phom (cov duab hauv kab lus no kom meej meej pom cov tshuab no) tau tso tawm xyoo 1970. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1971 nws tau muab tso rau hauv kev pab cuam. Cov qauv no tau tsim tawm yam tsis muaj kev hloov pauv mus txog rau xyoo 1975, tom qab ntawd cov tub rog tau txais kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm Acacia self-propelled phom nyob rau hauv lub cim 2S3M. Lub tshuab tshiab tau hloov kho lub nruas-hom mos txwv khib rau kaum ob tus nqi, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nce tus nqi hluav taws kub ntawm qhov nyuaj thiab nce cov mos txwv nqa. Ob xyoos tom qab, rab phom self-propelled underwent lwm modernization(2S3M1). Tam sim no lub 152-mm tus kheej-propelled howitzer tau nruab nrog cov khoom siv rau kev tawm tswv yim, txais tos, ua, nrog rau kev xav txog cov ntaub ntawv hais kom ua thiab pom SP-538 tshiab. Tsis tas li ntawd, 3OF38 "Sentimeter" coj projectiles thiab 3OF39 "Krasnopol" coj projectiles tau nkag mus rau hauv cov mos txwv load. Qhov hloov kho tshiab kawg ntawm 2S3M2 txawv ntawm nws cov neeg ua ntej nrog lub zog muaj zog ntau dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev teeb tsa no tau nruab nrog Mekhanizator-M (1V514-1) tau txais thiab qhia cov khoom siv, uas tso cai rau cov ntaub ntawv sib pauv ntawm lub roj teeb cov tub ceev xwm lub tsheb thiab rab phom, yog li txo lub sijhawm los npaj cov complex rau qhib hluav taws. Feem ntau, Akatsiya tus kheej-propelled howitzer tau tsim kom txog rau thaum 1993.

Kev piav qhia ntawm lub tshuab

Kev teeb tsa phom loj yog ua raws li cov txheej txheem classical nrog lub turret cabin. Lub complex muaj ib tug armored welded hull, uas yog muab faib ua peb compartments: tswj, sib ntaus sib tua thiab lub zog (lub cev muaj zog kis tau tus mob). Thawj qhov chaw yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub cav bulkhead thiab sab laug sab hauv lub hneev ntawm lub cev. Ntawm no yog qhov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm tus tsav tsheb. Lub hwj chim compartment yog nyob rau sab xis pem hauv ntej. Cov kis tau tus mob, lub cav, thiab cov tshuab hluav taws xob muaj nyob ntawm no. Nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub hull yog lub sib ntaus sib tua compartment. Lub rotating platform yog nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub cev, uas yog mounted rau lub pob chase, nws rests ntawm tsib yob. Tus neeg tua phom qhov chaw ua haujlwm yog nyob rau sab laug ntawm rab phom, thiab lub tsheb thauj khoom - mus rau sab xis. Tus thawj coj lub rooj zaum tom qab tus neeg tua phom.

Kev siv lub chassisCov phom nws tus kheej txawv ntawm nws cov thawj coj hauv kev siv cov kab ntsig me me nrog cov roj hmab-hlau pob qij txha thiab pem hauv ntej-mounted tsav rollers.

Acacia 152mm tus kheej-propelled howitzer: artillery unit

rab phom (2A33) rau chav ua haujlwm tus kheej no tau tsim hauv OKB-9. D-20 towed phom-howitzer tau coj los ua lub hauv paus. Cov qauv tsim tau sib sau ua ke ntawm Perm Machine-Building Plant No. 172, thiab cov khoom lag luam serial tau ua tiav ntawm Barrikady software. Ib rab phom phom nrog lub qhov rooj ntsug ntsug, lub ejector thiab ob lub chamber muzzle nres yog muab tso rau hauv lub teb armored kaw turret mounted rau ntawm lub pob muaj zog. Txhawm rau kom yooj yim rau cov txheej txheem thauj khoom, lub howitzer tau nruab nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob xa mus rau lub plhaub thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm tus qauv tsim, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv siv cov cartridge catcher. Nyob rau ntawm lub ru tsev ntawm lub ACS conning pej thuam (duab saum toj no), muaj ib tug commander lub cupola nyob rau sab laug, qhov chaw uas muaj ib tug tej thaj chaw deb tswj hnyav tshuab rab phom raug ntsia, nyob rau hauv lub starboard sab muaj ib tug loader lub hatch. Hluav taws tuaj yeem raug rho tawm ntawm ib qho chaw, ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj thiab nyob rau hauv qhov chaw muaj kab mob. Cov mos txwv ntawm tus kheej-propelled artillery mount (non-modernized qauv) yog muab tso rau hauv ob lub mechanized siv. Thaum tua hluav taws, lawv tuaj yeem raug pub los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb hatch hauv lub nkoj los ntawm hauv av.

fais fab nroj tsuag thiab cov cuab yeej pabcuam

Ntawm Akatsiya tus kheej-propelled howitzer, cov neeg tsim khoom tau teeb tsa kaum ob lub tog raj kheej V-zoo li plaub-stroke turbochargedUa kua-txias cav (B-59). Ua ke nrog nws, ib tug neeg kho tshuab ob-kab kis tau tus mob nrog planetary rotary mechanisms yog siv. Lub artillery mount muaj ib tug neeg torsion bar ncua kev kawm ntawv nrog hydraulic telescopic shock absorbers. Nyob rau ntawm tus kheej-propelled phom, cov neeg tsim qauv tau teeb tsa tshwj xeeb rau kev khawb tus kheej, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm khawb ib lub trench hauv av rau vaj tse nyob hauv nees nkaum feeb. Txhawm rau ua kom sov cov neeg coob, cov khoom siv cua sov (OV-65G) tau nruab rau hauv rab phom tus kheej, cov khoom tsim tau yog 6500 kcal / h. Qhov kev tiv thaiv tus kheej no muaj kev tiv thaiv kev sib sau, nruab nrog PPO thiab PAZ systems, tiv thaiv riam phom ntawm kev puas tsuaj loj. 2S3 yog nruab nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsis siv neeg, lub tshuab lim-qhov cua, lub kaw lus kaw lus, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv cov neeg coob los ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm bacteriological, nuclear thiab tshuaj riam phom. Qhov nruj ntawm tus kheej-propelled howitzer yog khaws cia ob qho tib si thaum tua hluav taws thiab thaum txav mus.

Ambition

Rau kev tua los ntawm Akatsiya tus kheej-propelled howitzer, plhaub los ntawm D-20 thiab ML-20 cannons, nrog rau los ntawm D-1 howitzer, yog siv. Rau cov tshuab no, NIMI tsim tag nrho cov kab ntawm 152-mm mos txwv. Piv txwv li: ib tug high-explosive fragmentation projectile 3VOF33 nrog ib tug tag nrho sib txawv thiab txo tus nqi sib txawv, 3VOF33 nrog ib tug ntev-ntev nqi, txhaj 3VOF96, 3VOF97, 3VOF98, as well as 3V013 thiab 3V014 nrog ib tug fragmentation-pawg projectile thiab txo tus nqi sib txawv. Kev txo nqi tso cai rau koj xa cov projectiles ntawm qhov luv luv raws li txoj hauv kev steeper. Qhov no tso cai rau koj mus ntaus cov hom phiaj uas zais tom qabntau yam teeb meem xws li tsev, toj, thiab lwm yam.

Rau qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov tsheb hnyav hnyav uas siv cov mos txwv sib xyaw BP-540. Cov projectiles nrog qhov pib tshaj tawm ntawm 676 m / s muaj qhov ua tau zoo txog li tsib kilometers. Feem ntau, lawv nkag mus rau lub tank armor txog li 250 hli tuab, ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 60 degrees txog 220 hli, thiab ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 30 degrees - txog 120 hli. Ntxiv nrog rau cov mos txwv uas tau teev tseg, cov mos txwv phom tus kheej muaj xws li cov mos txwv tshwj xeeb uas ua haujlwm cuam tshuam rau cov yeeb ncuab kev tswj hwm ntawm qib tactical los ntawm jamming ultrashort thiab luv yoj xov tooj cua sib txuas lus. Piv txwv li, 3VRB37 thiab 3VBR36 nrog tag nrho thiab txo tus nqi sib txawv.

Tam sim no, Akatsiya tus kheej-propelled howitzers siv cov kev taw qhia ntawm hom Centimeter thiab coj qhov projectiles ntawm hom Krasnopol, tsim los ntawm STC Automation thiab Mechanization of Technologies. Yog li, lub Centimeter complex yog siv los rhuav tshem cov tsheb armored nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas cov tshuab phom loj thiab cov foob pob hluav taws tau tsom mus rau hauv kev ua haujlwm, kev tiv thaiv ntev ntev, kev sib txuas lus thiab tswj cov ntsiab lus, txuas hniav thiab kev hla. "Krasnopol" yog siv los rhuav tshem cov phiaj xwm me me hauv av hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tua hluav taws los ntawm qhov chaw kaw nrog lub hom phiaj illumination los ntawm lub teeb laser ntawm lub hom phiaj tus tsim-rangefinder.

SAU "Acacia": yam ntxwv

Kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav ntawm kev teeb tsa yog 27.5 tons (qhov hnyav qis ntawm Akatsiya tso cai rau nws thauj mus rau lub dav hlau thauj), qhov ntev nrog rab phom qhia rau pem hauv ntej yog 7765 hli, qhov siab yog3050 hli, dav - 3250 hli. Qhov clearance ntawm tus kheej-propelled phom yog 450 hli, qhov nruab nrab hauv av siab yog 0.6 kg / cm 2. Lub cav fais fab yog 520 hp, qhov ceev yog 2000 rpm. Chassis yam ntxwv: ib tug neeg raug ncua, kab ntsig hom propulsion, 1st thiab 6th rollers yog nruab nrog hydraulic telescopic shock absorbers, qhov dav ntawm cov roj hmab-hlau kab ntsig yog 485 mm, tus naj npawb ntawm lem yog 115. Cov roj mov yog 850 liters. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ceev - 63 km / h. Lub zog cia - 500 km. Lub tsheb muaj peev xwm kov yeej cov teeb meem: nce - 30 degrees, yob - 25 degrees, moat - 3 meters, phab ntsa - 0.7 meters, ford - 1 meter. Frontal armor ntawm lub cev thiab turret yog 30 mm. Cov neeg coob ntawm tus kheej-propelled howitzer muaj plaub tus neeg.

Artillery riam phom: yam ntxwv

Raws li tau hais dhau los, cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm 2A33 howitzer yog OKB-9 thiab KB2 ntawm Perm Machine-Building Plant, thiab nws tau tsim los ntawm Barrikady Production Association. Ntawm Ur altransmash, lub rooj sib txoos zaum kawg ntawm cov phom tus kheej tau ua tiav. Cov phom no muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no: caliber - 152.4 mm, chim recoil ntev - 510-750 mm, taw tes - ntsug ntawm -4 txog +60 degrees, kab rov tav - 360 degrees, qhov hnyav ntawm lub viav vias qhov - 2450 kg, tus nqi hluav taws - 1, 9-3, 5 txhaj tshuaj ib feeb. Cov swb yog semi-automatic ntsug wedge tshuab luam ntawv hom. Rollback nres - hydraulic spindle. Hom knurler yog pneumatic. Chaw thau khoom - cais lub tes tsho. Kev tua hluav taws: 3OF25 plhaub mus txog 17.3 km, 3OF22 txog 20.5 km, Krasnopol - txog 20 km.

Raws li kev siv riam phom ntxiv, siv rab phom 7.62 hli PKT, cov mos txwv load uas yog 250 rounds.

tuam txhab tub rog

Tus kheej-propelled howitzers 2S3 "Acacia" tau siv tau zoo heev hauv ntau qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tub rog uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob rau plaub lub xyoos dhau los. Western txawj ntse pom tau hais tias lub xub ntiag ntawm cov installation nyob rau hauv kev pab cuam nrog lub Soviet pab tub rog nyob rau hauv 1973, yog li ntawd nws tau txais lub code lub npe "Model 1973". Raws li txoj cai, tsoom fwv ntawm lub USSR "lit up" Acacia self-propelled phom tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1977 ntawm lub Karpaty ce. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, cov cav tov thawj zaug koom nyob rau hauv lub parade ntawm Red Square. Xyoo 1979, kwv yees li ib puas 2S3 tus kheej-propelled howitzers raug xa mus rau GDR, thiab Iraq tau dhau los ua lub tebchaws tom ntej kom tau txais cov tsheb sib ntaus sib tua. Thaum lub sijhawm ntawm Iraqi phiaj los nqis tes, Akatsiya tau koom nrog hauv txhua qhov kev ua tub rog, txawm li cas los xij, cov tub rog tseem tsis txaus siab rau qhov tsis txaus, hauv lawv txoj kev xav, kev tua ntau yam.

Los ntawm qhov pib ntawm kev ua phem nyob rau hauv Afghanistan, cov phom loj no tau koom nrog hauv cov phom loj loj ntawm cov tub rog Soviet txwv. Cov kws tshaj lij tub rog tau sau tseg qhov kev ntseeg siab ntawm txoj kev, tab sis nws kuj tsis yog qhov tsis zoo. Lub ntsiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov phom tus kheej tau lees paub tias tsis muaj kev tua ntau thiab qhov hluav taws kub. Qhov tseeb nthuav yog tias nyob rau hauv Afghanistan cov tsheb sib ntaus sib tua tau siv tsuas yog rau hluav taws ncaj qha, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau Mujahideen. Tib cov txheej txheem tam sim no tau siv los ntawm Syrian tub rog tawm tsam cov tub rog. Islamists.

SAU "Acacia" tau koom nrog txhua qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv lub qub USSR. Piv txwv li, hauv cov tuam txhab hauv North Caucasus, nrog rau thaum lub sijhawm hu ua "Kev Tsov Rog ntawm 888".

Hnub no, cov phom loj loj no tau siv rau hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv Ukraine, ob qho tib si los ntawm cov tub rog thiab tub rog.

Zaj lus

Tam sim no, peb cov tub rog tau ua tub rog nrog ob qho tib si niaj hnub siv phom tua phom loj thiab tsim tawm los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm USSR. Akatsiya howitzer, txawm hais tias nws muaj hnub nyoog loj, tseem ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis yog hauv cov tub rog Lavxias, tab sis kuj txawv teb chaws. Cov phom loj no tau muab rau Tebchaws Europe: Warsaw Pact lub tebchaws; mus rau African teb chaws: Algeria, Iraq, Libya, Syria. Tsis tas li ntawd, tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Soviet Union, cov tshuab no tseem nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov qub Soviet koom pheej tsis muaj kev zam. Qhov kev thov rau hom riam phom no tsis muaj zog txawm tias niaj hnub no, kev txiav txim tau txais ob qho tib si rau artillery installation los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm USSR, thiab rau cov tshiab Lavxias teb sab self-propelled phom. Tseeb tiag, hauv kev ua tsov rog niaj hnub no, cov kab ke no, ua ke nrog cov riam phom uas muaj tseeb, tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Hauv kev nqis tes ua, "Acacia" tau qhia nws qhov zoo tshaj plaws, cov kws tshaj lij tub rog tau sau tseg qhov yooj yim thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov phom loj no. Thiab tom qab nws koom nrog hauv lub tuam txhab Afghan, nws tau nrov heev. Tej zaum yog vim li cas nws tseem nyob hauv kev pabcuam tsis yog hauv peb lub tebchaws xwb, tabsis tseem nyob hauv ntau lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb.