Cov khoom ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) thiab nws daim ntawv thov

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Lo lus "porcelain" yog hais txog ntau yam khoom siv ceramic uas ua rau kub siab. Lawv cov yam ntxwv txawv yog ib tug du nto thiab tsis muaj porosity. Cov khoom ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) yog dav thov rau niaj hnub no. Nws nyuaj rau nrhiav qee qhov kev lag luam lossis kev lag luam hauv tebchaws, txawm tias nws siv qhov twg.

Cov khoom siv zoo nkauj tshaj plaws, nrog rau cov iav tshuaj, cov hniav hniav thiab cov hluav taws xob insulators. Feem ntau yog dawb los yog tawm-dawb, rau "ci" cov khoom zoo no tuaj txog raws li cov khoom siv uas tsis tuaj yeem pom, uas yuav tau txais nws daim ntawv paub tsuas yog tom qab ci hauv qhov cub kub.

Qhov zoo ntawm cov kev pabcuam Suav

Nyob hauv kab lus no, peb yuav tham txog cov khoom thiab hom plooj (porcelain). Koj yuav nkag siab tias yog vim li cas cov khoom no thiaj li nrov thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no uas loj expeditions tau nruab los yuav nws. Rau qhov kev pabcuam zoo nkauj, hnub no koj tuaj yeem yuav hauv txhua lub khw, ces koj tuaj yeem raug tua.

Oddly txaus, tab sis cov khoom ntawm Suav masters nrog niaj hnub ceramics tsuas yog cov txheeb ze, tab sis tsis ncaj qha. Txhawm rau pom qhov no, nws txaus los nco qab cov khoom siv yooj yimcov plooj (porcelain), uas tawm los ntawm kev cob qhia ntawm Middle Kingdom. Cov ntaub ntawv zoo sib xws: ob qho tib si niaj hnub thiab niaj hnub porcelain tuaj yeem glazed lossis "natural". Tab sis yooj yim ceramics yog ntau softer. Thiab qhov kev pabcuam zoo tsis tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm nws.

Vim li cas thiaj li tshwm sim?

Cov khoom ntawm cov plooj (porcelain), xws li lub zog thiab kev tiv thaiv tshav kub, yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm qhov tseeb Suav ceramics raug tsim. Nws yog tsim los ntawm qhov kub ntawm 2,650 degrees Fahrenheit (1,454 degrees Celsius). Muab piv rau 2,200 degrees Fahrenheit (1,204 degrees Celsius) rau cov plooj (porcelain). Txij li thaum cov khoom siv thib ob yog cov khoom qis dua, nws tsis yog siv rau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj thiab lwm yam cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog Suav cov plooj (porcelain) ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas yog pob tshab rau lub teeb. Rough ceramics tsis tuaj yeem muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo li no.

neeg soj xyuas kev mob siab

"Hard paste", lossis cov plooj (porcelain tiag), thawj zaug tshwm sim hauv Suav teb thaum lub sijhawm Tang Dynasty (618-907). Tab sis cov khoom lag luam zoo tiag tiag, hauv lawv cov khoom tsis muaj kev ua tsis zoo rau cov niaj hnub no, tau paub thoob ntiaj teb tsuas yog thaum Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368). Thaum ntxov Suav cov plooj (porcelain) muaj kaolin (suav av nplaum) thiab pegmatite, ib hom ntxhib ntawm granite.

Nws tsis paub rau European potters kom txog thaum ntshuam ntawm Suav cov cuab yeej siv thaum Nrab Hnub nyoog. Cov neeg European sim ua kom duplicate cov khoom ntawm cov plooj (porcelain), tab sis tsis ua tiav hauv qhov teeb meem no. Txij li thaum txheeb xyuas nws cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg lawv tautsis tuaj yeem, cov khoom tsim los ntawm lawv zoo li muaj kuab heev, tsis muaj zog thiab tib lub sijhawm cov tais diav tsuas yog sab nraud. Nws tig tawm li ntawd. Cov neeg soj xyuas tiag tiag tau nthuav tawm kom tau txais qhov zais zais ntawm cov khoom siv plooj (porcelain) tiag tiag, tab sis Suav tau tiv thaiv lawv qhov zais cia ntau dua li lub neej.

Vim li cas cov khoom no thiaj li nrov? Yog vim li cas yog lub cev zoo heev ntawm cov plooj (porcelain). Nws muaj zog dua li cov ceramics zoo tib yam, muaj cov thermal conductivity, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm brew zoo heev tshuaj yej hauv teapots los ntawm nws. Tsis tas li ntawd, vim yog glaze, cov plooj (porcelain) muaj qhov tsis tshua muaj av, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov xim hluavtaws. khob los ntawm cov kev pabcuam Suav thaum ub tseem nyob dawb tom qab ntau pua xyoo.

Ersatzy

Tom qab sib xyaw iav nrog tin oxide los ua cov khoom siv opaque, European cov kws ua haujlwm tau sim ua ke cov av nplaum thiab cov iav frosted. Cov kev xaiv no tau dhau los ua lub npe hu ua "mos muab tshuaj txhuam" lossis cov plooj (porcelain dag). Tab sis ob qho xwm txheej tsis txaus siab tau ntxhov siab: tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv no tau dhau los ua mos heev, nws tsis tuaj yeem ua kom nyias nyias, cov khoom zoo nkauj los ntawm lawv, thiab cov nqi tsim khoom yog siab dhau. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, cov khoom ntawm "ersatz-type" porcelain nyob deb ntawm zoo meej.

Muaj pov thawj tias peb cov tswv kuj tau paub txog kev tsim cov plooj (porcelain) tiag tiag, tab sis tag nrho cov lus zais ntawm Lavxias teb sab ceramics tau ploj mus thaum lub sijhawm Tatar-Mongol ntxeem tau, thaum tag nrho lub nroog raug hlawv nrog rau tag nrho lawv cov neeg nyob. Qee qhov kev tawg kuj tau ua tiavlus Askiv. Lawv tsim ib yam khoom "pob txha".

Tab sis dab tsi yog pob txha suav teb, cov khoom tseem ceeb uas ua rau nws nrov tsis txaus ntseeg nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe qub?

History of Creation

Hauv xyoo 1707, ob tus neeg German hu ua Ehrenfried W alther von Chimhaus thiab Johan Friedrich Bottger nrhiav tau ntau "sane" txoj kev ntawm kev tsim khoom uas siv av nplaum thiab av feldspar. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, cov kws txawj lus Askiv tau kawm los ntawm kev sim ua cov plooj (porcelain), yuav luag zoo ib yam li Suav cov plooj (porcelain), tuaj yeem tau los ntawm kev ntxiv cov pob txha hlawv zoo rau qhov sib tov.

Thiab tom qab ntawd nws tau pom tias cov lus Askiv version tso cai rau koj los tsim cov pob tshab ceramics ntawm qhov kub qis dua, uas txo cov nqi ntau lawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov plooj (porcelain) los ntawm Foggy Albion tawm tsam ntau dua, muaj zog dua. Yog li nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias cov neeg Askiv sai sai tau sau ib nrab ntawm Cov Qub thiab yuav luag tag nrho Lub Ntiaj Teb Tshiab nrog lawv cov kev pabcuam.

Dab tsi yog cov khoom ntawm pob txha suav teb? Ua ntej, cov khoom tsim los ntawm nws yog qhov txawv ntawm lub zog siab nrog qhov hnyav thiab nyias-walled. Qhov thib ob, hom ceramic no tsis tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, txij li cov tshuaj hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ua rau cov kua qaub thiab alkalis.

Raw khoom

Raws li peb tau hais, cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv no yog qhov yooj yim heev: av nplaum, feldspar, cov zaub mov nrog cov ntsiab lus calcium. Txog rau tam sim no, ntau lub tuam txhab sib tw nrog ib leeg, raws li nws tau tsim sai saicov khoom ntawm porcelain thiab faience tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau los ntawm kev ntxiv cov ntsiab lus tshiab rau nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Tau kawg, yog qhov kev paub ua tiav.

Txawm hais tias qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov av nplaum sib txawv nyob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm nws cov extraction, nws tseem hloov mus rau hauv iav (uas ua kom cov smoothness ntawm cov khoom kawg) tsuas yog nyob rau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Tab sis qhov no tsuas yog muaj tseeb rau cov xwm txheej no thaum av nplaum tsis sib xyaw nrog cov ntaub ntawv uas nws qhov chaw pib vitrification qis dua. Tsis zoo li iav, txawm li cas los xij, av nplaum yog thermally ruaj khov, txhais tau tias nws khaws nws cov duab txawm tias thaum tshav kub kub.

Yog li cov khoom siv no yog qhov tshwj xeeb tiag tiag vim nws muab cov iav porosity tsawg nrog kev ruaj ntseg thiab cov txheeb ze lub zog ntawm cov ceramic yooj yim. Kaolin, hydroaluminosilicate, tau siv los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm txhua lub sijhawm. Feldspar (muaj aluminium silicate) thiab flint, ib hom tawv quartz, yog cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb hauv txhua hom plooj (porcelain). Lawv yaj thaum cua sov, khi cov khoom ua ke.

Quartz - "lub siab" ntawm plooj (porcelain)

Qhov no yog tus yuam sij rau lub zog. Cov khoom ntawm porcelain (thiab nws siv) feem ntau yog vim qhov tshwj xeeb no: nws tawg tsis zoo (piv rau iav), thiab qhov sib nrug me me ntawm cov khoom kom ntseeg tau qhov impermeability ntawm cov khoom rau huab cua, dej, thiab lwm yam.

Quartz yog ib qho "alloy" ntawm oxygen thiab silicon, ob lub ntsiab lus ntau tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb pob zeb. Nws muaj peb hom kev ua haujlwm: ncaj qha quartz (crystals), opal(amorphous ntau yam) thiab xuab zeb (mixed, qias neeg feem). Feem ntau, quartz tau ntev tau siv hauv kev tsim khoom siv tes ua. Porcelain kuj tseem muaj alumina thiab soapstone, zoo dua hu ua "soapstone".

txheej txheem tsim khoom

Tom qab cov khoom siv raw raug xaiv thiab hnyav, lawv mus rau ntau lawm. Ua ntej, nws yog ntxuav thiab hauv av mus rau feem zoo heev. Tom qab ntawd, tag nrho cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke hauv qhov kev faib ua feem, nyob ntawm ob qho tib si ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom kawg. Thaum cov tom kawg raug tsim, lawv tuaj yeem xa mus rau qhov cub tam sim ntawd, lossis lawv tau ntxuav ua ntej thiab tom qab ntawd npog nrog txheej glaze.

Tau kawg, crushed iav ua ntej ua nws lub luag haujlwm. Thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd, yav tom ntej vases, khob, tais diav thiab cov hniav hniav raug xa mus rau lub qhov ncauj ntawm lub qhov cub. Tam sim no cia peb saib ntawm txhua theem sib cais. Tom qab tag nrho, cov khoom ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) thiab nws daim ntawv thov nyob ntawm lawv txoj kev vam meej!

Crushing raw khoom

Tej zaum, qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, vim tias qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom kawg yog nyob ntawm qhov ua tiav ntawm nws qhov kev siv. Crushing yog ua los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab nruas crushers loj loj. Ntawm qhov thib ob dhau, qhov loj me yog coj mus rau 0.25 cm. Txhawm rau tig cov khoom noj rau hauv cov hmoov av zoo, cov pob zeb tshwj xeeb yog siv. Cov no yog cov hlau loj loj uas muaj cov pob hlau. Thaum tag nrho cov qauv tig, cov khoom ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv tig mus rau hauv homogeneous loj ntawm kev sib tsoo zoo heev.

Cov khoom sib tov tau dhau los ntawm cov lim dej zoo thiab tom qab ntawd pub rau ib qho tshwj xeeb "conveyor", uas yog cov ntawv hlau inclined. Lawv vibrate, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raw tsis tsuas yog cia li sib tov, tab sis kuj txheeb, txij li cov khoom loj tshaj plaws raug thawb. Yog tias xav tau cov khoom ntub dej, cov dej tau muab txau rau hauv kab.

Qee lub sij hawm lim nrog cov hlau nplaum muaj zog siv, vim tias tom kawg tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov impurities tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm hlau. Qhov tom kawg, yog tias nws nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom tiav, yuav muab nws cov xim liab tsis zoo. Tom qab ntawd, cov khoom tiav raug xa mus rau qhov cub, qhov chaw uas lawv raug rho tawm haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias uas peb tau qhia.

Nyob rau qhov kev tsim khoom yuav ua li cas cov khoom muaj nyob ntawm?

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias thaum lub sij hawm kawg firing muaj ntau txheej txheem uas ncaj qha cuam tshuam cov khoom ntawm cov porcelain txias. Ua ntej, tag nrho cov pa roj carbon monoxide impurities raug hlawv, cov dej ntau dhau yog evaporated, ntau yam gaseous fractions tuaj tawm ntawm lub thickness ntawm cov khoom yav tom ntej. Yog hais tias nyob rau tib lub sij hawm qhov kub tsis tau coj mus rau 1100 degrees Celsius, ces silicon thiab lwm yam khoom ntawm glaze yuav tsis tuaj yeem yaj, uas txhais tau hais tias lawv yuav tsis tsim ib tug du thiab chemically nruab nrab txheej ntawm ceramic nto.

Ntxiv rau, cov kev sib txuas no yog tsim nyog los txo qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov khoom siv, kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv. Thaum qhov xav tau ceev tau mus txog,Cov khoom yog txias, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov glaze "rub ua ke", ua du thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ruaj.

Results

Vim li cas peb thiaj piav tag nrho cov no? Qhov khoom yog tias cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv no yog nyob ze rau ntawm cov yam ntxwv thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm nws cov khoom siv. Piv txwv li, lub zog nyob ntawm qhov feem pua ntawm feldspar cov ntsiab lus hauv qhov loj, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov pores hauv cov plooj (porcelain) yog qhov me, qhov ntau feldspar. Raws li cov quartz thiab cov residue tau los ntawm decomposition ntawm cov av nplaum yaj nyob rau hauv lub khob, lub cev pob txha ntawm cov khoom plooj (porcelain) yuav qaug zog thiab deformations nce. Nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm quartz, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm huab hwm coj, kub thiab lub sijhawm ntawm kev tua, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm vitreous theem suav nrog los ntawm 15 mus rau 40% ntawm tag nrho cov quartz nkag rau hauv pawg. Qhov ntau nws yog, cov plooj (porcelain) nyias thiab "airier".

Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic li dielectrics yog qhov tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hluav taws xob tam sim no hauv cov khoom thiab ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub insulator. Paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov ntim tshwj xeeb thiab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov plooj (porcelain).

Dhau li ntawm qhov no, cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) tseem ceeb heev. Ntau precisely, lawv tsis tuaj. Glazed ceramics nrog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm ntau ntawm feldspar thiab quartz yog cov tshuaj nruab nrab. Koj puas xav tias vim li cas cov mortars ntawm cov kws muag tshuaj thiab cov kws kho mob ua los ntawm cov khoom no? Nws muaj zog dua iav, tab sis nws tsis hnov tsw.

Txoj kev tam sim no

Hnub no, ceramics (thiab porcelain tshwj xeeb) tab tom ntsib thib obyug. Nws muab tawm tias cov ntaub ntawv no tuaj yeem siv los tsim ntau hom microelectronics. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov no rau kev vam meej niaj hnub no tsis tas yuav piav qhia. Cov kws tshawb fawb tseem pom tias thaum qee cov tshuaj ntxiv ntxiv, lub zog ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) nce exponentially. Tam sim no, txawm tias muaj kev tshawb fawb tseem tab tom ua hauv kev tsim cov cuab yeej tshiab raws li nws. Yog li tsis txhob tso quav tso quav ib leeg!

Thaum kawg, cov khoom no tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv tshuaj. Ntau yam prostheses thiab cov hniav hniav zoo nkauj - qhov kev thov rau lawv yog nce txhua xyoo. Yog li kev tsim kho Suav thaum ub yuav nyob twj ywm rau lub sijhawm ntev heev.