Riam phom-qib plutonium: daim ntawv thov, tsim khoom, pov tseg
Riam phom-qib plutonium: daim ntawv thov, tsim khoom, pov tseg

Video: Riam phom-qib plutonium: daim ntawv thov, tsim khoom, pov tseg

Video: Riam phom-qib plutonium: daim ntawv thov, tsim khoom, pov tseg
Video: Kev Zoo Nkauj Ntawm Vajtswv || Nkauj Ntseeg 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
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Tib neeg ib txwm tau tshawb nrhiav lub zog tshiab uas tuaj yeem daws tau ntau yam teeb meem. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis yog ib txwm muaj kev nyab xeeb. Yog li, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, cov reactors nuclear tau siv dav niaj hnub no, txawm hais tias lawv muaj peev xwm tsim tau tsuas yog ib qho loj ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob uas txhua tus neeg xav tau, tseem muaj kev phom sij hauv ntiaj teb. Tab sis, ntxiv rau kev siv hluav taws xob nuclear rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, qee lub teb chaws ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb tau kawm siv nws hauv kev ua tub rog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsim cov riam phom nuclear. Kab lus no yuav tham txog lub hauv paus ntawm xws li riam phom puas tsuaj, lub npe uas yog riam phom-qib plutonium.

Quick reference

Daim ntawv cog lus ntawm cov hlau no muaj tsawg kawg yog 93.5% ntawm 239Pu isotope. Riam phom-qib plutonium tau muab lub npe kom paub qhov txawv ntawm nws "tus kwv tij reactor". Nyob rau hauv txoj cai, plutonium yog ib txwm tsim nyob rau hauv kiag li txhua yam nuclear reactor, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, khiav ntawm qis-enriched los yog ntuj uranium, uas muaj, rau feem ntau, cov isotope 238U..

riam phom-qib plutonium
riam phom-qib plutonium

daim ntawv thov tub rog

Riam phom-qib plutonium 239Pu yog lub hauv paus ntawm riam phom nuclear. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev siv cov isotopes nrog cov lej loj 240 thiab 242 tsis cuam tshuam, vim lawv tsim ntau heev.keeb kwm siab ntawm neutrons, uas thaum kawg ua rau nws nyuaj rau tsim thiab tsim cov mos txwv nuclear zoo heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov plutonium isotopes 240Pu thiab 241Pu muaj lub neej luv dua li 239Pu, yog li plutonium qhov chaw kub heev. Nws yog nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog qhov no hais tias engineers raug yuam kom ntxiv cov ntsiab lus rau ib tug nuclear riam phom kom tshem tawm cov cua sov tshaj. Los ntawm txoj kev, ntshiab 239Pu yog sov dua li tib neeg lub cev. Nws tseem yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tsis txhob coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov tseeb hais tias cov khoom lwj ntawm hnyav isotopes raug cov hlau siv lead ua lattice rau teeb meem kev hloov, thiab qhov no heev ib txwm hloov lub configuration ntawm plutonium qhov chaw, uas, thaum kawg, yuav ua rau ib tug tag nrho tsis ua hauj lwm. a nuclear explosive device.

Los ntawm qhov loj, tag nrho cov teeb meem no tuaj yeem kov yeej. Thiab nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, cov khoom tawg raws li "reactor" plutonium twb tau rov sim dua. Tab sis nws yuav tsum to taub hais tias nyob rau hauv nuclear munitions, lawv compactness, tsawg tus kheej yuag, durability thiab kev ntseeg tau nyob deb ntawm txoj hauj lwm kawg. Hauv qhov no, lawv siv tshwj xeeb riam phom-qib plutonium.

Chelyabinsk 65
Chelyabinsk 65

Tsim cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev lag luam reactors

Xyaum txhua plutonium hauv Russia tau tsim nyob rau hauv reactors nruab nrog graphite moderator. Txhua lub reactors yog tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm cylindrical graphite blocks.

Thaum sib sau ua ke, graphite blocks muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv kom ntseeg tau tias kev sib txuas tsis tu ncua ntawm cov coolant, uasnitrogen yog siv. Hauv cov qauv sib sau ua ke, kuj tseem muaj cov kab nyob ntsug uas tsim los rau kev tso dej txias thiab roj los ntawm lawv. Lub rooj sib txoos nws tus kheej yog rigidly txhawb nqa los ntawm ib tug qauv nrog lub qhov nyob rau hauv cov channel siv los thauj cov twb irradiated roj. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhua txoj hauv kev yog nyob rau hauv cov yeeb nkab nyias-walled cam khwb cia los ntawm lub teeb yuag thiab muaj zog ntxiv aluminium alloy. Feem ntau ntawm cov lus piav qhia muaj 70 roj rods. Cov dej txias ntws ncaj qha nyob ib ncig ntawm cov roj rods, tshem tawm cov cua sov ntau dhau ntawm lawv.

thwm 7
thwm 7

Kev nce lub peev xwm ntawm cov reactors ntau lawm

Thawj pib, thawj Mayak reactor ua haujlwm nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 100 thermal MW. Txawm li cas los xij, tus thawj coj ntawm Soviet nuclear riam phom program, Igor Kurchatov, tau hais tias lub reactor yuav tsum khiav ntawm 170-190 MW nyob rau lub caij ntuj no thiab 140-150 MW nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov. Txoj hauv kev no tso cai rau lub reactor tsim yuav luag 140 grams ntawm plutonium muaj nuj nqis ib hnub.

Hauv xyoo 1952, kev tshawb fawb puv ntoob tau ua tiav txhawm rau txhawm rau ua kom muaj peev xwm ntau lawm ntawm cov reactors ua haujlwm los ntawm cov hauv qab no:

  • Los ntawm kev nce cov dej ntws siv los ua kom txias thiab ntws los ntawm thaj chaw nquag ntawm kev teeb tsa nuclear.
  • Los ntawm kev ua kom tsis muaj zog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm corrosion tshwm sim nyob ze ntawm lub channel liner.
  • Txo tus nqi ntawm graphite oxidation.
  • Rising kub hauv cov roj hlwb.

Vim li ntawd, cov dej ntws ntawm cov dej ntws tau nce ntxiv tom qab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov roj thiab cov phab ntsa ntawm cov channel tau nce ntxiv. Peb kuj tau tswj kom tau tshem ntawm corrosion. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, peb xaiv cov aluminium alloy uas tsim nyog tshaj plaws thiab pib nquag ntxiv sodium bichromate, uas thaum kawg ua kom cov softness ntawm cov dej txias (pH los ntawm 6.0-6.2). Graphite oxidation ceased yog ib qho teeb meem ceev tom qab nitrogen tau siv los txias nws (yav tas los tsuas yog siv cua xwb).

riam phom-qib plutonium ntau lawm
riam phom-qib plutonium ntau lawm

Raws li xyoo 1950 tau ze, kev tsim kho tshiab tau muab tso rau hauv kev xyaum, txo qis qhov tsis tsim nyog ballooning ntawm uranium tshwm sim los ntawm hluav taws xob, txo cov cua sov ntawm uranium rods, txhim kho cladding kuj, thiab txhim kho kev tsim khoom.

Production at Mayak

"Chelyabinsk-65" yog ib qho ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom zais cia uas tsim riam phom-qib plutonium. Muaj ob peb lub reactors ntawm lub lag luam, peb yuav tau paub lawv txhua tus zoo dua.

Reactor A

Chav tsev tau tsim thiab tsim ua raws li kev taw qhia ntawm legendary N. A. Dollezhal. Nws ua haujlwm nrog lub zog ntawm 100 MW. Lub reactor muaj 1149 vertically teem tswj thiab roj raws nyob rau hauv ib tug graphite block. Tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm cov qauv yog li 1050 tons. Yuav luag tag nrho cov channel (tshwj tsis yog 25) tau ntim nrog uranium, tag nrho cov huab hwm coj yog 120-130 tons. 17 channel tau siv rau kev tswj cov pas nrig thiab 8 rauua kev sim. Qhov siab tshaj plaws tsim hluav taws xob tso tawm ntawm cov roj cell yog 3.45 kW. Thaum xub thawj, lub reactor tsim txog 100 grams ntawm plutonium ib hnub twg. Plutonium hlau yog thawj zaug ua rau lub Plaub Hlis 16, 1949.

Technological flaws

Cov teeb meem loj heev tau txheeb xyuas yuav luag tam sim ntawd, uas muaj kev xeb ntawm aluminium liners thiab roj cell txheej. Cov uranium rods kuj o thiab tawg, thiab cov dej txias ntws ncaj qha mus rau hauv cov tub ntxhais ntawm lub reactor. Tom qab txhua qhov xau, lub reactor yuav tsum tau tso tseg ntev txog 10 teev kom qhuav cov graphite nrog cua. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1949, cov channel liners tau hloov. Tom qab ntawd, lub community launch tau tshwm sim rau lub Peb Hlis 26, 1949.

Riam phom-qib plutonium, kev tsim khoom ntawm Reactor A tau nrog txhua yam teeb meem, tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm 1950-1954 nrog lub zog nruab nrab ntawm 180 MW. Kev ua haujlwm tom qab ntawm lub reactor pib nrog nws cov kev siv ntau dua, uas ib txwm ua rau kev kaw ntau zaus (txog 165 zaug hauv ib hlis). Yog li ntawd, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1963, lub reactor raug kaw thiab rov pib ua haujlwm tsuas yog thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1964. Nws ua tiav nws txoj kev sib tw xyoo 1987 thiab tsim 4.6 tons ntawm plutonium nyob rau tag nrho lub sijhawm ntawm ntau xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm.

AB Reactors

Nws tau txiav txim siab los tsim peb lub AB reactors ntawm Chelyabinsk-65 kev lag luam nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1948. Lawv lub peev xwm tsim tau yog 200-250 grams ntawm plutonium ib hnub. Tus thawj tsim ntawm qhov project yog A. Savin. Txhua reactor muaj 1996 raws, 65 ntawm lawv yog tswj raws. Ib qho kev tshiab tshiab tau siv hauv kev teeb tsa - txhua lub channel tau nruab nrog lub ntsuas cua txias tshwj xeeb. Qhov kev txav no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm hloov tau cov liners yam tsis tas yuav tsum ua haujlwm ntawm lub reactor nws tus kheej.

Thawj xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov reactors pom tias lawv tsim tawm txog 260 grams ntawm plutonium ib hnub. Txawm li cas los xij, txij li xyoo thib ob ntawm kev ua haujlwm, lub peev xwm tau maj mam nce, thiab twb nyob rau xyoo 1963 nws daim duab yog 600 MW. Tom qab lub thib ob overhaul, qhov teeb meem liners tau daws tag nrho, thiab lub peev xwm twb 1200 MW nrog ib xyoos ib zaug plutonium zus tau tej cov 270 kilograms. Cov ntsuas no tseem nyob mus txog thaum kaw tag nrho cov reactors.

pov tseg ntawm riam phom-qib plutonium
pov tseg ntawm riam phom-qib plutonium

AI-IR reactor

Lub tuam txhab Chelyabinsk tau siv qhov kev teeb tsa no txij lub Kaum Ob Hlis 22, 1951 txog Lub Tsib Hlis 25, 1987. Ntxiv nrog rau uranium, lub reactor kuj tsim cob alt-60 thiab polonium-210. Thaum pib, qhov chaw tsim tritium, tab sis tom qab ntawd pib tau txais plutonium.

Tsis tas li, cov nroj tsuag rau kev ua riam phom-qib plutonium tau ua haujlwm hnyav dej reactors thiab tib lub teeb dej reactor (nws lub npe yog Ruslan).

ib nrab-lub neej ntawm riam phom-qib plutonium
ib nrab-lub neej ntawm riam phom-qib plutonium

Siberian loj heev

"Tomsk-7" - qhov no yog lub npe ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas muaj tsib reactors rau zus tau tej cov plutonium. Txhua chav nyob siv graphite kom qeeb neutrons thiab dej zoo tib yam los muab cov cua txias kom zoo.

Reactor I-1 ua haujlwm nrog lub kaw lustxias, nyob rau hauv uas dej dhau ib zaug. Txawm li cas los xij, plaub chav nyob ntxiv tau muab nrog kaw thawj circuits nruab nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Qhov kev tsim no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog ntxiv, uas tau pab hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob thiab cua sov ntawm ntau qhov chaw nyob.

"Tomsk-7" kuj muaj lub reactor hu ua EI-2, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, muaj ob lub hom phiaj: nws tsim plutonium thiab generated 100 MW ntawm hluav taws xob los ntawm lub generated chav, nrog rau 200 MW ntawm thermal. zog.

riam phom-qib plutonium ua cov nroj tsuag
riam phom-qib plutonium ua cov nroj tsuag

cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb

Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, ib nrab-lub neej ntawm riam phom-qib plutonium yog kwv yees li 24,360 xyoo. Tus lej loj! Hauv qhov no, lo lus nug tshwj xeeb tshaj yog: "Yuav ua li cas thiaj daws tau cov khoom pov tseg ntawm cov khoom no?" Qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws yog kev tsim kho ntawm cov tuam txhab tshwj xeeb rau kev ua haujlwm tom ntej ntawm riam phom-qib plutonium. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no cov khoom siv tsis tuaj yeem siv rau kev ua tub rog ntxiv lawm thiab yuav raug tswj los ntawm ib tus neeg. Qhov no yog qhov riam phom-qib plutonium pov tseg hauv tebchaws Russia, tab sis Tebchaws Meskas tau coj txoj kev sib txawv, yog li ua txhaum nws cov luag haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb.

Yog li, tsoomfwv Meskas tau tshaj tawm kom rhuav tshem cov roj nuclear uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tsis yog hauv txoj kev lag luam, tab sis los ntawm diluting plutonium thiab khaws cia rau hauv cov thawv tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov tob ntawm 500 meters. Nws mus yam tsis tau hais tias nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no cov khoom yuav yooj yimrho tawm hauv av thiab rov pib dua rau kev ua tub rog. Raws li Lavxias Thawj Tswj Hwm Vladimir Putin, thawj lub teb chaws tau pom zoo los rhuav tshem plutonium tsis yog los ntawm txoj kev no, tab sis kom tshem tawm cov chaw tsim khoom.

Tus nqi ntawm riam phom-qib plutonium tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, kaum tawm tons ntawm cov khoom no tuaj yeem raug nqi ntau txhiab lab nyiaj daus las. Thiab qee cov kws tshaj lij tau kwv yees 500 tons ntawm riam phom-qib plutonium ntau npaum li 8 trillion nyiaj. Tus nqi yog tiag tiag impressive. Yuav kom paub meej tias qhov no yog nyiaj npaum li cas, cia peb hais tias nyob rau hauv kaum xyoo dhau los ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo GDP ntawm Russia yog $ 400 billion. Qhov ntawd yog, qhov tseeb, tus nqi tiag tiag ntawm riam phom-qib plutonium yog sib npaug rau nees nkaum xyoo GDP ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation.

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