Mechanization thiab automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm
Mechanization thiab automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm

Video: Mechanization thiab automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm

Video: Mechanization thiab automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm
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Automation ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis yog txheej txheem uas tswj hwm thiab tswj kev ua haujlwm los ntawm tus neeg raug xa mus rau cov cuab yeej thiab khoom siv. Vim li no, kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab cov khoom lag luam zoo tau nce ntxiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev txo qis ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm koom nrog hauv ntau yam kev lag luam tau ua kom ntseeg tau. Cia peb xav ntxiv txog dab tsi automation thiab automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm yog.

automation ntawm ntau lawm thiab cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis
automation ntawm ntau lawm thiab cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis

keeb kwm keeb kwm

Kev ywj pheej ua haujlwm cov cuab yeej - cov qauv ntawm cov tshuab tsis siv neeg niaj hnub no - pib tshwm sim hauv ancient sij hawm. Txawm li cas los xij, kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua 18th, cov khoom siv tes ua thiab cov khoom siv tes ua ib nrab tau nthuav dav. Hauv qhov no, cov khoom siv "tus kheej ua yeeb yam" tsis tau txais daim ntawv thov. Thaum kawg ntawm 18th - pib ntawm 19th centuries. muaj ib tug ntse dhia nyob rau hauv ntim thiab theem ntawm ntau lawm. Lub Industrial Revolution tsimYam yuavtsum tau kawm uantej rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem thiab cov cuab yeej ntawm kev ua haujlwm, hloov cov khoom siv los hloov tus neeg.

Mechanization thiab automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm

Cov kev hloov pauv los ntawm kev hloov pauv kev lag luam cuam tshuam feem ntau yog ntoo thiab hlau ua haujlwm, spinning, weaving mills thiab factories. Mechanization thiab automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm tau nquag kawm los ntawm K. Marx. Nws pom nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev taw qhia tshiab ntawm kev vam meej. Nws taw qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm kev siv cov tshuab ib leeg mus rau automation ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm. Marx tau hais tias kev paub txog kev tswj hwm thiab kev tswj hwm yuav tsum tau muab rau ib tus neeg. Tus neeg ua haujlwm sawv ntawm ib sab ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab tswj nws. Lub ntsiab achievements ntawm lub sij hawm yog inventions ntawm Lavxias teb sab kws tshawb fawb Polzunov thiab cov lus Askiv innovator Watt. Thawj tsim ib qho kev tswj hwm tsis siv neeg rau kev noj cov chav boiler, thiab qhov thib ob tsim lub centrifugal ceev tswj rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Tau ntev heev, kev txawj ntse kev ua haujlwm tseem nyob hauv phau ntawv. Ua ntej kev taw qhia ntawm automation, kev hloov ntawm lub cev ua haujlwm tau ua los ntawm kev siv tshuab ua haujlwm pabcuam thiab cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb.

automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm hauv mechanical engineering
automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm hauv mechanical engineering

Tshuaj hnub no

Tam sim no theem ntawm tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob, automation systems rau cov txheej txheem ntau lawm yog raws li kev siv computers thiab ntau yam software. Lawv pab txo qis kev koom tes ntawm tib neeg hauv kev ua ub no los yog tshem tawm tag nrho. Rau cov haujlwm automationCov txheej txheem ntau lawm suav nrog kev txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo, txo lub sijhawm xav tau rau lawv, txo cov nqi, nce qhov tseeb thiab ruaj khov ntawm kev ua.

Cov lus qhia

Hnub no, automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm tau nkag mus rau hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam. Tsis hais txog ntawm cov peev txheej thiab ntim ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm cov tuam txhab, yuav luag txhua tus ntawm lawv siv cov khoom siv software. Muaj ntau theem ntawm automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm. Txawm li cas los xij, tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus siv rau ib qho ntawm lawv. Lawv muab tej yam kev mob rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab tsim cov kev cai dav dav rau kev tswj hwm lawv. Cov hauv paus ntsiab lus raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm suav nrog:

  1. Kev sib haum xeeb. Txhua yam kev ua hauv kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau ua ke nrog ib leeg, mus rau hauv ib ntu. Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov tsis sib haum, kev ua txhaum ntawm cov txheej txheem yuav tshwm sim.
  2. Kev sib koom ua ke. Kev ua haujlwm automated yuav tsum haum rau tag nrho ib puag ncig ntawm kev lag luam. Ntawm ib theem lossis lwm qhov, kev sib koom ua ke yog ua los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev, tab sis lub ntsiab lus ntawm txoj cai no tsis hloov pauv. Automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm hauv kev lag luam yuav tsum xyuas kom muaj kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog ib puag ncig sab nraud.
  3. Kev ywj pheej ntawm kev tua. Kev ua haujlwm automated yuav tsum tau ua ntawm nws tus kheej. Tib neeg kev koom tes hauv nws tsis yog muab, lossis nws yuav tsum tsawg (tsuas yog tswj tau). Tus neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum tsis txhob cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm yog tias nws ua tiav raws li qhov xav tau.

Cov ntsiab cai saum toj no tau teev tseg raws li qib ntawm automation ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb. Ntxiv cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txuas ntxiv, kev faib ua feem, kev tshwj xeeb, thiab lwm yam yog tsim los rau kev ua haujlwm.

theem ntawm automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm
theem ntawm automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm

Automation theem

Lawv feem ntau yog cais raws li qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub tuam txhab kev tswj hwm. Nws, nyob rau hauv lem, tuaj yeem yog:

  1. Txoj kev sib tw.
  2. Tactical.
  3. Kev ua haujlwm.

Raws li, muaj:

  1. Qib qis ntawm automation (executive). Ntawm no kev tswj hwm yog hais txog kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua. Automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm yog tsom rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm, tswj cov txheej txheem, tswj cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm.
  2. Tactical qib. Qhov no muab faib ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Piv txwv suav nrog kev npaj tsim khoom lossis kev pabcuam, cov ntaub ntawv lossis kev tswj hwm, thiab lwm yam.
  3. qib tswv yim. Nws tswj tag nrho lub tuam txhab. Automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm rau lub hom phiaj kev lag luam muab kev daws teeb meem rau kev kwv yees thiab kev txheeb xyuas cov teeb meem. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tswj cov kev ua ub no ntawm kev tswj hwm qib siab tshaj plaws. Qib no ntawm automation muab tswv yim thiab kev tswj nyiaj txiag.

Kev faib tawm

Automation yog muab los ntawm kev siv ntau lub tshuab (OLAP, CRM, ERP, thiab lwm yam). Tag nrho lawvmuab faib ua peb hom:

  1. Unchangeable. Hauv cov txheej txheem no, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nqis tes ua tau teeb tsa raws li kev teeb tsa ntawm cov khoom siv lossis cov txheej txheem txheej txheem. Nws tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm.
  2. Programmable. Lawv tuaj yeem hloov cov kab ke nyob ntawm qhov kev teeb tsa ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab cov kev pab cuam muab. Qhov kev xaiv ntawm qhov no los yog cov saw ntawm kev ua yog ua los ntawm kev siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb. Lawv tau nyeem thiab txhais los ntawm lub system.
  3. Tus kheej-kho tau (hloov tau). Cov tshuab no tuaj yeem xaiv cov kev xav tau hauv kev ua haujlwm. Kev hloov pauv rau kev teeb tsa ntawm kev ua haujlwm tshwm sim raws li cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev ua haujlwm.

Txhua yam no tuaj yeem siv tau ntawm txhua qib sib cais lossis ua ke.

automation ntawm ntau lawm thiab cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis
automation ntawm ntau lawm thiab cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis

hom kev lag luam

Nyob rau hauv txhua qhov kev lag luam muaj cov koom haum tsim khoom lossis muab kev pabcuam. Lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg raws li "kev ncua deb" hauv cov peev txheej ua haujlwm:

  1. Extracting los yog manufacturing - ua liaj ua teb, roj thiab roj tuam txhab uas muag, piv txwv li.
  2. Lub koom haum ua cov khoom siv ntuj tsim. Hauv kev tsim cov khoom, lawv siv cov ntaub ntawv mined los yog tsim los ntawm cov tuam txhab los ntawm thawj qeb. Cov no suav nrog, piv txwv li, electronics, automotive, fais fab nroj tsuag, thiab lwm yam.
  3. Cov tuam txhab pabcuam. Ntawm lawv yog cov tsev txhab nyiaj, kev kho mob, kev kawmtsev kawm ntawv, catering chaw, thiab lwm yam.

Rau txhua pab pawg, kev ua haujlwm ntsig txog kev pabcuam lossis kev tso tawm cov khoom tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv. Cov no suav nrog cov txheej txheem:

  1. Control. Cov txheej txheem no muab kev sib cuam tshuam hauv kev lag luam thiab pab tsim lub tuam txhab kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg koom nrog kev lag luam. Qhov kawg, tshwj xeeb, suav nrog cov neeg saib xyuas, cov neeg muag khoom, cov neeg siv khoom. Cov txheej txheem kev lag luam suav nrog, piv txwv li, kev lag luam thiab kev muag khoom, kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg siv khoom, nyiaj txiag, cov neeg ua haujlwm, npaj cov khoom siv, thiab lwm yam.
  2. Kev tsom xam thiab tswj. Pawg no yog txuam nrog kev sau thiab kev nthuav dav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Tshwj xeeb, cov txheej txheem no suav nrog kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm, kev tswj xyuas kom zoo, kev ntsuas khoom lag luam, thiab lwm yam.
  3. Tsim thiab txhim kho. Cov haujlwm no muaj feem xyuam nrog kev sau thiab kev npaj cov ntaub ntawv thawj zaug, kev siv qhov project, tswj thiab tshuaj xyuas cov txiaj ntsig.
  4. Production. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog kev ua haujlwm ntsig txog kev tso tawm ncaj qha ntawm cov khoom. Cov no suav nrog, ntawm lwm yam, kev thov thiab kev npaj peev txheej, kev xa khoom, kev pabcuam.

Feem ntau ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog automated hnub no.

industrial txheej txheem automation systems
industrial txheej txheem automation systems

Strategy

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm yog complex thiab siv zog ntau. Txhawm rau ua tiav koj cov hom phiaj, koj yuav tsum tau coj los ntawm qee lub tswv yim. Nws pab txhawb kev txhim kho kev ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab tau txais los ntawmxav tau. Kev muaj peev xwm automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm hauv mechanical engineering yog qhov tseem ceeb niaj hnub no. Txoj kev npaj tswv yim tuaj yeem sau tau raws li hauv qab no:

  1. Nkag siab txog kev ua haujlwm. Yuav kom automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm nyob rau hauv mechanical engineering lossis lwm yam kev lag luam kev lag luam kom coj tau qhov kev xav tau, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los soj ntsuam tag nrho cov theem. Tshwj xeeb, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los txiav txim siab qhov kev tawm tswv yim thiab kev tsim tawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm, kev ua ntu zus, kev sib xyaw ntawm cov peev txheej, kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib txuas, thiab lwm yam.
  2. Simplifying tus txheej txheem. Tom qab ua tiav kev soj ntsuam, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm. Cov dej num tsis tsim nyog uas tsis coj los yog tsis muaj nuj nqis tseem ceeb yuav tsum raug txo. Qee qhov kev ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ua ke lossis ua haujlwm sib luag. Koj tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kev txiav txim los ntawm kev qhia lwm txoj hauv kev los ua nws.
  3. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus txheej txheem. Nws tuaj yeem nqa tau tsuas yog thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntau tshaj plaws. Cov txheej txheem yooj yim dua, lub sij hawm siv tsawg dua qhov automation yuav dhau los, thiab, raws li, cov txheej txheem yuav ua tau zoo dua.
  4. automation thiab automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm
    automation thiab automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm

txiaj ntsig

Mechanization thiab automation ntawm ntau yam txheej txheem tuaj yeem txhim kho cov khoom zoo thiab kev tswj xyuas ntau lawm. Lwm cov txiaj ntsig suav nrog:

  1. Kev nce nrawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm rov ua dua. Los ntawm kev txo qis ntawm tib neeg kev koom tes, tib yam kev ua yuav ua tau sai dua. Automated systemsmuab qhov tseeb ntau dua thiab tswj kev ua haujlwm tsis hais qhov ntev ntawm kev hloov pauv.
  2. Txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo. Nrog rau kev txo qis ntawm kev koom tes ntawm tib neeg, kev cuam tshuam ntawm tib neeg qhov tseem ceeb yog txo lossis tshem tawm. Qhov no txwv tsis pub muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev ua tiav ntawm kev ua haujlwm, uas, dhau los, tiv thaiv ntau yam tsis raug thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab ruaj khov.
  3. Kev tswj qhov tseeb. Kev siv cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis tso cai rau koj txuag thiab coj mus rau hauv tus account yav tom ntej ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev ua haujlwm ntau dua li kev tswj hwm phau ntawv.
  4. Kev txiav txim siab sai sai hauv cov xwm txheej raug. Qhov no txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab tiv thaiv kev tsis sib xws hauv cov kauj ruam tom ntej.
  5. Parallel execution of actions. Automated systems ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau yam haujlwm tib lub sijhawm yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qhov raug thiab ua haujlwm zoo. Qhov no ua kom cov haujlwm nrawm dua thiab txhim kho qhov txiaj ntsig zoo.

Flaws

Txawm tias muaj txiaj ntsig pom tseeb, automation yuav tsis yog qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws. Tias yog vim li cas qhov kev ntsuam xyuas dav dav thiab kev ua kom zoo yog qhov tsim nyog ua ntej nws siv. Tom qab ntawd, nws yuav tig tawm tias automation tsis tas yuav tsum tau lossis yuav tsis muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev lag luam. Kev tswj tuav tswj thiab ua tiav cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem ua tau zoo dua hauv cov xwm txheej hauv qab no:

  1. Kev ua haujlwm nyuaj dhau los ua kom siv thev naus laus zis lossis kev lag luam.
  2. Cov khoom lag luam lub neej luv heev. Yog ib yam khoom yuav tsum tau tsim thiabyuav qhia nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm luv luv, lub sij hawm ntawm nws nyob rau hauv lub lag luam yuav luv luv. Hauv qhov no, automation tuaj yeem ua tsis tau. Kev tuav tes ua haujlwm yuav nrawm dua thiab raug nqi tsawg dua.
  3. automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm ntawm cov lag luam
    automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm ntawm cov lag luam
  4. Ib-ntawm-ib-zoo lossis cov khoom tshwj xeeb yog tsim. Rau kev tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom ntawm hom no, qee qhov tsis muaj thiab cov kev xav tau raug tsim. Hauv qhov no, tib neeg qhov xwm txheej tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem. Qee yam khoom tshwj xeeb tsuas yog tsim los ntawm kev siv tes ua haujlwm xwb.
  5. Sudden fluctuations in market demand. Cov kev hloov pauv hauv cov neeg siv khoom muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov khoom ntim. Reorganization ntawm ntau lawm nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no tuaj yeem ua tiav sai dua yog tias cov khoom raug tsim los ntawm kev siv tes ua haujlwm.

Zaj lus

Mechanization thiab automation yog undoubtedly tseem ceeb heev rau kev tsim sector. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, kev ua haujlwm tsawg thiab tsawg dua yog ua manually. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias niaj hnub no hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam ib tus tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj haujlwm li no. Automation yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo nyob rau hauv cov lag luam loj uas tsim cov khoom rau cov neeg siv khoom loj. Yog li, piv txwv li, hauv cov chaw tsim khoom tsheb, tsawg kawg ntawm cov neeg koom nrog kev ua haujlwm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv, raws li txoj cai, siv kev tswj hwm ntawm cov txheej txheem, yam tsis muaj kev koom nrog ncaj qha rau nws. Modernization ntawm kev lag luam yog tam sim no nquag nquag. Automation ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm thiab ntau lawm yog suav tias yog niaj hnub no feem ntauib txoj hauv kev zoo los txhim kho cov khoom zoo thiab ua kom cov zis ntau ntxiv.

Pom zoo: