Vuam ntau lawm: yam ntxwv, kev loj hlob

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

vuam ntau lawm hnub no yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb uas ua kom cov haujlwm ntawm cov tuam txhab ntawm ntau cov lus qhia. Vuam tuaj yeem raug hu ua kev siv thev naus laus zis, txhim khu kev qha thiab zoo tshaj plaws los tsim cov pob qij txha mus tas li ntawm ntau yam qauv tsim. Niaj hnub no peb xav tham txog keeb kwm ntawm vuam thiab, ntawm chav kawm, txog lub zeem muag ntawm qhov kev lag luam hauv peb lub teb chaws.

Vuam BC

Nws nyuaj rau xav txog, tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb hais tias cov qauv qub tshaj plaws ntawm kev vuam pom thaum lub sijhawm tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm keeb kwm rov qab mus rau xyoo pua yim BC! Thawj qhov ntawm cov hlau yog cov khoom me me ntawm cov hlau ib txwm muaj, piv txwv li, cov hlau meteorite, kub lossis tooj liab. Thaum lub sij hawm forging txheej txheem, lawv tau hloov mus ua nyias daim hlau los yog cov ntsiab lus. Tab sis yog tias cov hlau kuj tau rhuab thaum lub sij hawm forging, ces tej daim me me tuaj yeem ua ke rau hauv cov loj, uas tsim nyog rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom.

Tom qab no, tib neeg kawm paub ua hlau thiab ua kom yaj. Thiab ces - nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm casting - yuav luag zoo meej cov khoom los ntawm tooj liab thiab tooj liab. Thaum lub sij hawm, foundry ntau lawm txhim kho, thiab yog li ntawd, es tsis txhob ntawm casting tag nrho cov khoom, cov neeg txuas nrog me me qhov chaw siv molten hlau.

Iron Mastery

theem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev txhim kho vuam ntau lawm yog kev txhim kho hlau. Nws tshwm sim li peb txhiab xyoo dhau los. Ntawm chav kawm, tam sim no hlau ore yog siv nyob txhua qhov chaw, thiab rov qab cov hlau los ntawm lawv yog cov txheej txheem yooj yim. Tab sis nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, tsis muaj leej twg paub yuav ua li cas yaj hlau, thiab yog li ntawd ib yam khoom ntawm dubious zoo tau los ntawm ore, uas muaj me me hais ntawm hlau, ore, slag thiab thee. Tsuas yog ntau teev ntawm forging tuaj yeem kho qhov xwm txheej.

Ntau yam khoom tau tsim los ntawm cov hlau tau los ntawm forge vuam - riam phom, cuab yeej ua haujlwm.

Vim lub xyoo pua 19

Txog rau thaum xyoo pua 19th, soldering thiab forge welding tsis poob lawv qhov chaw. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua no, ib tug kiag li tshiab theem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm vuam ntau lawm pib. Qhov tseeb yog tias cov hlau tsim tau loj hlob, nrog rau kev xav tau ntawm vuam. Tau kawg, txoj hauv kev uas twb muaj lawm tuaj yeem ua tsis tau raws li qhov xav tau ntxiv lawm.

Nws yog thaum ntawd qhov kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev lag luam pib - hauv kaum xyoo nws tau txhim kho ntau dua li ua ntej - hauv ib puas xyoo! Cov cua sov tshiab pib tsim, muaj peev xwm ua tau yooj yim thiab sai melting hlau -oxy-fuel nplaim taws thiab hluav taws xob tam sim no.

Electric arc tawm

Nws tsis tuaj yeem tsis lees paub qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm hluav taws xob arc tawm. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm nws siv uas lub thiaj li hu ua arc vuam raws li. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim qhov no yog rau peb cov neeg sib tw - engineers thiab cov kws tshawb fawb. Thiab nws nrhiav tau ib tug phenomenon raws li ib tug arc tawm, nyob rau hauv 1802 Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov, ib tug Lavxias teb sab hluav taws xob engineer thiab kws tshawb fawb.

Yim xyoo caum tom qab, Nikolai Nikolaevich Benardos siv cov pa roj carbon electrode hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm arc vuam. Thiab rau xyoo tom qab - nyob rau hauv 1888 - Nikolai Gavrilovich Slavyanov invented arc vuam nrog ib tug consumable hlau electrode. Xyoo 1903 Fab Kis engineers Charles Picard thiab Edmond Fouche nrhiav tau nplaim taws. Thaum xyoo 1940, lwm txoj kev vuam tau tshwm sim - submerged arc vuam. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, txoj kev kawm thiab kev siv cov roj-laser vuam pib.

Vuam ntau lawm: yam ntxwv

Hnub no peb tuaj yeem hais nrog kev ntseeg siab: vuam tau hloov pauv txoj kev txuas ntau yam nrog rivets. Nyob rau hauv Russia, ntau hom vuam siv, xws li:

• electroslag;
• thermal;
• automatic submerged arc;
• gas;
• gas nias;
• light;
• diffusion;
• xav tau thiab ntau ntxiv.

Vuam: txhais, hom

Peb coj los rau koj mloog cov hauv paus ntawm vuam ntau lawm. Ua ntej, cia peb teb cov lus nug - dab tsi yog vuam? Vuam txaisnpe cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis uas tso cai rau kom tau txais kev sib txuas mus tas li. Qhov no tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsim cov interatomic bonds ntawm qhov chaw thaum lub sij hawm deformation, cua sov.

Ntawd yog, ua tsaug rau vuam, nws muaj peev xwm hloov tau cov qauv hnyav hnyav nrog cov qauv ua ntej, uas muaj cov ntsiab lus yooj yim tshaj plaws. Raws li, tib lub sijhawm, tus nqi tsim khoom thiab kev siv zog ua haujlwm tau txo qis.

Hauv vuam ntau lawm, nws yog ib txwm ua kom paub qhov txawv ntawm peb hom kev vuam - kev sib cuag, fusion thiab siab vuam. Xav txog cov hom no kom ntxaws ntxiv.

Fusion vuam

Txoj kev siv ntau tshaj yog arc vuam. Tau kawg, tom qab hom no tau siv thawj zaug hauv vuam ntau lawm hauv 80s, txhua yam hloov pauv loj: cov khoom siv tau zoo dua qub, zoo li cov hom electrodes siv. Ob txoj kev tiv thaiv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm alloying (qhia ntau yam impurities rau hauv cov hlau) ntawm cov hlau tau hloov.

Hnub no, cov txheej txheem arc tau ua ke nrog arcless vuam. Qhov ntawd yog, nws tau los ua kom lub zog ntawm qhov cua sov.

Resistance vuam

Hom kev vuam no hauv kev lag luam vuam ua ke sib txuas ntawm cov hlau thiab cov khoom siv tam sim no, uas ua rau muaj cua sov. Lub ntsiab tsis zoo ntawm hom vuam no yog tsim ntawm burr - ib qho influx los ntawm hlau shrinkage. Lub flash no yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm tom qab cov khoom welded tau txias.

siab vuam

hom no hu tauhom tsis kam welding. Nrog nws, cov hlau nto yog raug rau siab, uas tso cai rau koj kom tau txais kev sib txuas txhim khu kev qha txawm tias tsis muaj cua sov. Yuav ua li cas txiav txim qhov zoo ntawm xws li ib tug weld? Muaj ntau yam:

• nplua nuj;
• kev;
• lub peev xwm ntawm cov hlau kom deform.

Kev Pom Zoo rau vuam thiab vuam ntau lawm

Cov kws tshaj lij hais tias yav tom ntej ntau yam khoom siv, tsis siv neeg thiab semi-automatic, yuav ua tus thawj coj. Cov cuab yeej no yuav ua rau muaj kev ua tau zoo dua qub, nce tus naj npawb ntawm cov theem tam sim no, thiab lub zog siab. Automation ntawm vuam ntau lawm yuav txo tau qhov yuav tsum tau rau qhov tsim nyog ntawm ib tug welder, cov khoom tshiab yuav tsis xav tau cov kev pab cuam ntawm tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb, ib tug zoo tib yam kws tshwj xeeb yuav txaus.