Polyvinyl chloride ua mob rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv: dab neeg los yog kev muaj tiag

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Ntau zaus thaum xaiv cov khoom ua los ntawm cov yas, cov neeg siv khoom nug lawv tus kheej: "Nws yog dab tsi, polyvinyl chloride?" Kev puas tsuaj thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom siv no tau kawm ntev. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov downsides ntawm PVC deb tshaj nws cov txiaj ntsig.

Cov yas uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig. Cov teeb meem ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv no suav nrog: muaj kuab paug loj heev los ntawm kev tsim khoom, tshuaj lom neeg raug mob thaum siv, hluav taws kub nyhiab, thiab lawv txoj kev koom tes rau kev loj hlob thoob ntiaj teb cov khoom pov tseg. Tab sis ib qho yas sawv tawm: PVC yog qhov ua rau ib puag ncig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm txhua yam yas thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej.

PVC lub neej voj voog - nws tsim, siv thiab pov tseg - ua rau tso tawm cov tshuaj chlorine-raws li tshuaj lom. Lawv yogkhaws cia hauv dej, huab cua thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus. Yog li ntawd, peb tau txais: teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv loj, suav nrog mob qog noj ntshav, kev puas tsuaj rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev cuam tshuam hormonal.

PVC yog dab tsi? Description

Polyvinyl chloride, feem ntau hu ua PVC lossis yas, tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov yas siv ntau tshaj plaws. Peb tuaj yeem pom ntau yam khoom tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv no nyob ib puag ncig peb: ntim khoom, rooj tog hauv tsev, cov khoom ua si menyuam yaus, cov khoom siv tsheb, cov khoom siv hauv tsev, khoom siv kho mob thiab ntau pua cov khoom. Nws qhov zoo yog tias nws muaj ntau yam thiab pheej yig heev. Tab sis tus nqi peb them rau tus nqi pheej yig thiab zoo li tsis muaj teeb meem ua los ntawm PVC yog ntau dua li qhov nws yuav zoo li thaum xub thawj siab ib muag.

Qhov tseeb, cov yas no yog ib qho loj tshaj plaws rau kev tso tawm cov tshuaj lom. PVC ua phem rau tib neeg lub cev thiab ib puag ncig thaum tsim khoom, siv thiab pov tseg. Thaum tag nrho cov yas ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig, ob peb cov neeg siv khoom paub tias PVC yog ib qho kev puas tsuaj loj tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov yas.

Keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm polyvinyl chloride

PVC tau pom los ntawm kev sib tsoo ob zaug thaum lub xyoo pua 19th: hauv 1835 thawj zaug los ntawm Henri Victor Regnault thiab Eugen Baumann xyoo 1872. Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si, cov polymer tau tshwm sim raws li cov khoom dawb hauv cov raj mis yas chloride tom qab raug tshav ntuj. Regnault tau ua tiav hauv kev tau txais vinyl chloride,Thaum nws kho dichloroethane nrog cov kua dej cawv ntawm potassium hydroxide. Tom qab ntawd, los ntawm lub sijhawm, los ntawm kev raug ncaj qha ntawm monomer rau nruab hnub, polyvinyl chloride tau txais. Bauman tswj kom polymerize ob peb vinyl halides thiab yog thawj tus paub yuav ua li cas ua polyvinyl chloride. Muaj tseeb, nws tuaj tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom yas.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, chemists Ivan Ostromyslensky thiab Fritz Klatte tau sim sim siv polyvinyl chloride rau kev lag luam, tab sis lawv cov kev siv zog ua tsis tiav vim muaj teeb meem hauv kev hloov cov polymer. Ostromyslensky nyob rau hauv 1912 tau tswj kom ua tiav cov txheej txheem rau lub polymerization ntawm vinyl chloride thiab txhim kho txoj kev yooj yim ntawm kev kuaj ntsuas. Klatte pom nyob rau hauv 1918 cov txheej txheem uas polyvinyl chloride tau los ntawm reacting hydrogen chloride thiab acetylene nyob rau hauv lub gaseous xeev nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm catalysts.

chlorine hauv PVC

PVC cov nroj tsuag yog cov neeg siv khoom loj tshaj plaws thiab ceev tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine, suav txog ze li 40% ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb siv. Pua pua ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine-raws li co toxins nyob hauv huab cua, dej thiab zaub mov. Ntau yam ntawm cov tshuaj no, hu ua organochlorines, yog resistant rau degradation thiab yuav nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig rau xyoo lawm. Cov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb pom tau tias cov tshuaj no cuam tshuam nrog cov teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv loj thiab thoob plaws, suav nrog kev xeeb tsis muaj menyuam, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, kev loj hlob ntawm menyuam yaus, thiab ntau lwm yam teebmeem.

Vim tias cov qauv tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj organochlorine, tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm ntawm lawv lub cev. Hloov chaw, ntau yam ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke hauv cov ntaub so ntswg adipose, ua rau muaj kuab paug ntau ntau txhiab lossis ntau lab lub sijhawm ntau dua hauv ib puag ncig. Peb txhua tus muaj qhov ntsuas tau ntawm chlorinated co toxins hauv peb lub cev. Qee cov tshuaj organochlorine tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub neej ua ntej yug me nyuam, nyob rau theem muag heev ntawm kev loj hlob.

Dioxin: ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov PVC

Dioxin thiab dioxin-zoo li cov tebchaw kuj ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv. Cov tshuaj no yog tsis txhob txwm tsim thaum lub sij hawm tsim, siv los yog combustion ntawm chlorine-raws li tshuaj. Ntau cov dioxin tau tsim nyob rau ntau theem ntawm PVC ntau lawm, thiab ntau cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv cov khoom siv pov tseg thiab cov khib nyiab pov tseg yog ib qho laj thawj vim li cas incinerators suav hais tias yog qhov loj tshaj ntawm dioxins. Ntau txhiab qhov hluav taws kub nyhiab hauv cov tsev tsim nrog PVC tso tawm dioxin hauv cov hmoov tshauv thiab soot, ua paug rau ib puag ncig.

Dioxin paub tias yog ib qho tshuaj lom neeg uas tau tsim tawm. Hauv lawv txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis tu ncua, cov kws tshawb fawb ib puag ncig qhia tias tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev raug rau dioxin. Yog li txhua koob tshuaj, txawm tias tsawg npaum li cas, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj.kom noj qab nyob zoo. Cov kws tshawb fawb kuj tau xaus lus tias cov tshuaj dioxin, uas tam sim no pom nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov neeg laus thiab cov menyuam yaus, twb tau siab txaus los tsim kev hem thawj rau pej xeem kev noj qab haus huv thoob ntiaj teb.

Cov khoom siv PVC ntxiv

Vim PVC yog qhov siv tsis tau ntawm nws tus kheej, nws yuav tsum tau ua ke nrog ntau yam khoom ntxiv kom muab PVC cov yam ntxwv uas yuav tsum tau ua hauv cov khoom kawg. Cov additives no suav nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg yas (xws li phthalates), stabilizers uas muaj cov hlau hnyav hnyav (xws li txhuas), fungicides, thiab lwm yam tshuaj lom. Vim tias cov khoom siv ntxiv no tsis yog tshuaj lom neeg rau PVC, cov khoom nws tus kheej tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau cov neeg siv khoom tas mus li. Cov tshuaj ntxiv tuaj yeem tawm, sib xyaw nrog lwm cov ntaub ntawv, lossis yaj hauv huab cua. Muaj ntau qhov piv txwv ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm tib neeg raug vim muaj cov khoom siv PVC lawv tus kheej. Cov ntxhiab tsw ntawm lub tsheb tshiab sab hauv yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov kws tshaj lij hu ua cov tshuaj evaporation ntawm PVC cov khoom.

Ib lub cev loj hlob ntawm cov pov thawj tshawb fawb pom tau tias ntau cov tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv polyvinyl chloride cuam tshuam cov hormonal system, ua rau muaj kev yug me nyuam, infertility, teeb meem kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob. Muaj cov pov thawj loj zuj zus tias cov kev hloov pauv tau tshwm sim hauv tib neeg thoob plaws ntiaj teb, suav nrog kev txo qis hauv cov phev suav, nce hauv qee hom mob qog noj ntshav, deformities ntawm lub cev xeeb tub, thiab teeb meem kev puas siab puas ntsws xws li deficiency syndrome.mloog thiab ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog.

Kev phom sij txaus ntshai

Kev puas tsuaj rau kev noj qab haus huv thaum siv polyvinyl chloride yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntxiv uas ua rau nws muaj pes tsawg leeg. Lawv yooj yim leaching thiab evaporate los ntawm PVC cov khoom. Piv txwv li:

• Tshuaj hauv cov kav dej PVC tuaj yeem txav mus rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom, qhov chaw nws yooj yim nqa los ntawm dej, thiab tom qab ntawd nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev.
• Phthalates tau ntxiv los ua PVC mos thiab hloov tau. Cov khoom lag luam xws li cov ntaub thaiv da dej thiab cov menyuam yaus cov khoom ua si tso pa roj thaum cua sov, uas tuaj yeem nqus tau yooj yim.
• Nplaim hluav taws xob ntxiv rau cov khoom siv PVC los tiv thaiv hluav taws. Cov khoom siv hauv tsev tuaj yeem ua kom sov hauv lub hnub, tom qab ntawd cov khoom tso tawm hydrogen chloride, uas yog tshuaj lom rau tib neeg lub cev.

Toxic production

Cov tshuaj tseem ceeb ntawm PVC yog cov tshuaj chlorine, thiab cov tshuaj chlorine tso tawm dioxins rau hauv ib puag ncig.

• Qee cov kws tshawb fawb sib cav tias tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm tib neeg raug rau dioxins.
• Lawv yog pheej thiab bioaccumulative. Feem ntau tib neeg raug tshwm sim los ntawm cov khoom noj xws li nqaij, khoom noj siv mis, ntses thiab plhaub ntses, vim tias cov tshuaj no muaj nyob hauv tsiaj rog.
• Ntxiv rau dioxin, chlorine ntau lawm kuj tso tawm mercury thiab asbestos pov tseg.
• Kev nyob ib sab ntawm cov nroj tsuag PVC,tshwj xeeb yog raug rau cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj kuab paug los ntawm kev tsim cov yas.

PVC raug rau menyuam yaus

Cov menyuam yaus tsis yog cov neeg laus. Lawv lub hlwb thiab lub cev, lawv cov metabolism thiab kev coj cwj pwm ua rau cov menyuam yaus muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov tshuaj lom neeg xws li cov uas tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm PVC lub neej:

• Kev ua phem rau tus menyuam txoj kev noj qab haus huv yog ua tiav hauv plab los ntawm kev raug tshuaj lom. Cov menyuam mos noj tshuaj los ntawm cov kua mis, khoom noj rau menyuam yaus thiab ib puag ncig tiv tauj.
• Kev loj hlob sai ntawm lub hlwb hauv fetuses, cov menyuam mos thiab cov menyuam yaus ua rau lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua rau cov teebmeem ntawm cov tshuaj uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub hlwb thiab kev loj hlob.
• Rau lawv qhov hnyav, menyuam yaus noj, haus thiab ua pa ntau dua li cov neeg laus - yog li lawv nqus cov pa phem ntau dua.
• Cov menyuam mos muab cov khoom tso rau hauv lawv lub qhov ncauj thiab siv sijhawm ntau rau hauv pem teb thiab hauv av, ua rau muaj tshuaj lom neeg tsis tu ncua los ntawm cov khoom ua si, ntim, av thiab plua plav.

Cov teeb meem rov ua dua tshiab

PVC rov siv dua tsis yog kev daws teeb meem ib puag ncig uas tshwm sim hauv nws cov khoom tsim thiab siv. Txawm hais tias feem ntau cov yas yog cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, PVC yog qhov piv txwv phem tshaj - nws yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov yas. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov khoom tsim los ntawm nws muaj ntau yam additives uas nws yuav siv tsis tau thiab kim dua rau lawv. Cov lej tom ntejhais lus rau lawv tus kheej. Raws li kev txheeb cais tsis ntev los no, tsawg dua 1.5% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv PVC tom qab tau siv dua.

Ntau cov khoom siv PVC, suav nrog phthalates thiab cov hlau hnyav xws li cov hlau lead, maj mam leached los ntawm PVC lub sij hawm los ntawm ib puag ncig raug (xws li hauv qhov chaw pov tseg), nws thiaj li paug hauv av thiab dej ntog.

YKev siv PVC hauv kev tsim kho

Ib lub hom phiaj ntawm polyvinyl chloride yog nws siv hauv kev tsim kho. Kev siv ntau tshaj plaws ntawm PVC hauv kev lag luam no tau nce ob npaug ntawm xyoo 1995 thiab 2010. Vim tias PVC ntau heev yog siv rau hauv tsev thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev, kev sib tsoo hluav taws hauv tsev tau dhau los ua kev hem thawj rau cov neeg cawm siav thiab cov neeg nyob hauv. Txawm hais tias PVC cov ntaub ntawv hauv tsev feem ntau tiv taus hluav taws, lawv tuaj yeem tso cov pa phem hydrogen chloride thaum cua sov. Cov roj corrosive no tuaj yeem kis tau sai dua cov nplaim taws, ncav cuag cov neeg nyob hauv tsev ua ntej lawv tuaj yeem khiav. Hydrogen chloride ua rau tuag taus yog tias nqus tau.

Nws tsis yog qhov tsis yooj yim rau cov neeg muaj kev ntxhov siab hauv tsev tua hluav taws kom tuag los ntawm cov pa phem PVC ua ntej cov nplaim taws yuav ncav cuag lawv, raws li cov kws tshaj lij kev nyab xeeb hluav taws. Ib qho piv txwv zoo yog qhov hluav taws kub uas tshwm sim xyoo 2009 ntawm Lame Horse club hauv Perm.

Raws li cov tsim thiab cov nom tswv paub ntau dua txog kev phom sij thiab cov nqi uas cuam tshuam nroghluav taws kub los ntawm PVC, ntxiv kev txwv ntawm kev siv cov khoom tsis zoo nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho vaj tse yog qhia.

Kev hloov pauv nyab xeeb rau PVC

Kev loj hlob tawg ntawm kev lag luam yas los ntawm cov pov thawj tseeb ntawm kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv los ntawm PVC, nws cov khoom tsim thiab siv. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim khoom, lawv tsev neeg thiab cov zej zog muaj kev phom sij tam sim ntawd. Muaj pov thawj muaj zog tias tam sim no muaj peev xwm ua tau thiab tseem ceeb rau kev hloov pauv sai rau cov ntaub ntawv muaj kev nyab xeeb dua.

Txoj xov zoo yog tias qhov kev hloov pauv kev lag luam no tuaj yeem ua tau raws li kev ncaj ncees rau txhua tus neeg koom nrog - cov neeg tsim khoom, cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg siv khoom. PVC tuaj yeem hloov nrog cov ntaub ntawv muaj kev nyab xeeb hauv yuav luag txhua qhov xwm txheej. Lawv tuaj yeem yog cov khoom siv xws li av nplaum, iav, ceramics thiab ntoo. Qhov twg cov khoom siv tsis tuaj yeem siv los hloov pauv, txawm tias cov yas tsis muaj chlorine nyiam dua PVC. Raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau cov khoom tsis muaj PVC, thiab raws li ib puag ncig thiab kev noj qab haus huv txaus ntshai ntawm PVC raug lees paub, cov kev ua tau zoo yuav dhau los ua kev lag luam zoo dua.

No PVC

Ntau lub tuam txhab thiab txawm tias tsoomfwv tau qhia txog kev txwv PVC thiab hloov txoj cai.

• tuam txhab loj,Cov nyiam ntawm Proctor thiab Gamble tab tom txav deb ntawm PVC ntim.
• BMW, Herliltz, IKEA, Opel, Sony-Europe thiab Volkswagen tau tshaj tawm cov cai tsis pub PVC.
• Kev tsim kho loj xws li "Eurotunnel" ntawm Askiv thiab Tebchaws Europe av loj tau ua tiav yam tsis muaj PVC.
• Vim qhov kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam nce ntxiv, ntau pua lub zej zog European tau txwv kev siv PVC hauv cov tsev pej xeem.
• Swedish parliament pov npav kom theem tawm cov PVC mos thiab tawv PVC nrog cov khoom ntxiv uas twb pom tias muaj teeb meem.

Yog li, nws tau ntev paub tias PVC ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv. Polyvinyl chloride yog suav tias yog qhov txaus ntshai niaj hnub no. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas ua tau, nws yog qhov zoo dua los hloov nws nrog analogues kom tsis txhob muaj teeb meem yav tom ntej.