Operating Vorkuta mines: daim ntawv teev npe thiab keeb kwm

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Lub nroog Vorkuta loj hlob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov pob zeb loj tshaj li ntawm Arctic Circle. Qhib-cam khwb cia thee mining hauv cheeb tsam no tsis tuaj yeem ua tau, uas txiav txim siab kev tsim kho ntawm mines hauv xyoo 1930-1950. Ib lub nroog monotown nrog kev tsim cov thee mining dhau los ua cov pob txha ntawm Arctic, tab sis kev lag luam ntsoog uas tau pib thaum pib ntawm 20th thiab 21st centuries ua rau poob ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov mines. Qhov tsis muaj kev tshawb nrhiav kev ua haujlwm, qhov nyuaj geological tej yam tshwm sim, geodynamic phenomena, ua haujlwm txaus ntshai thiab hnav thiab rhuav ntawm cov cuab yeej ua rau txo qis ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv. Vim li ntawd, tsuas yog 4 ntawm 13 lub mines tseem nyob niaj hnub no.

cov khoom siv zoo los ntawm Vorkuta mines

Vorkuta geological thiab cheeb tsam kev lag luam yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb, ua lub hauv paus zoo rau cov khoom siv hlau zoo thiab lub zog raw khoom rau sab qaum teb thiab nruab nrab ntawm Russia. Nws muaj cov pob zeb loj tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe (kwv yees li 4 billion tons) thiab muaj peev xwm muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo. Thee los ntawm Vorkuta mines yog nyob rau hauv kev thov tsis tsuas yog los ntawm domestickev lag luam hauv CIS lub teb chaws, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv Denmark, Fabkis, Ltalis, Sweden thiab Norway.

Txhua qhov kev tsim cov thee hauv cheeb tsam yog ua los ntawm Vorkutaugol, yog ib lub tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov thee mining hauv Russia. Niaj hnub no nws yog sawv cev los ntawm 5 underground mines ("Vorgashorskaya", "Severnaya", "Zapolyarnaya", "Komsomolskaya" thiab "Vorkutinskaya") thiab ib tug thee mine ("Yunyaginsky") ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Pechora thee phiab. Lawv qhov ntim tag nrho tsis ntev dhau los kwv yees li 12.3 lab tons ntawm cov thee hauv ib xyoos. Cov nuj nqis niaj hnub no muaj ntau yam me me vim kev so haujlwm ntawm Severnaya mine.

Tam sim no, 2 lub teb ntxiv ntawm Usinskoye tso nyiaj tau nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm kev npaj kom ntseeg tau tias kev rho tawm ntawm 7.5 lab tons hauv ib xyoos ntawm coking thee. Lawv tag nrho cov reserves tau kwv yees yuav luag 900 lab tons ntawm thee.

Tshaj nplooj ntawv keeb kwm

Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov thee nyob rau hauv qhov nthuav dav ntawm Bolshezemelskaya tundra yog thawj zaug tau lees paub los ntawm thaj chaw ntoj ncig ntawm tus xibfwb E. Hoffmann hauv xyoo 1848. Txawm li cas los xij, tsoomfwv tsarist tsis tau saib xyuas ntau thaj chaw ntawm Far North, txhua qhov kev soj ntsuam thiab kev tshawb fawb tseem tsis quav ntsej rau lub sijhawm ntev. Qhov kev tshawb pom los ntawm A. A. Chernov ntawm Pechora thee phiab hauv xyoo 1924 tau coj mus rau ntau qhov kev mus ncig, suav nrog kev kuaj xyuas ntawm tus dej Vorkuta rau qhov muaj cov khoom siv tseem ceeb. Xyoo 1930, muaj tsib txheej txheej ntawm cov thee ntawm lub peev xwm ua haujlwm tau pom nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm thaj av, uas tau txiav txim siab txog kev yug ntawm lub nroog.

In 1931 indetachments ntawm miners, neeg ua hauj lwm thiab geologists raug xa mus rau lub cheeb tsam, uas drilled thawj lub qhov dej tshawb nrhiav thiab tsa thawj txhiab tons ntawm thee. Vorkuta tau tsim kho sai heev: cov mines tshiab tau ua tsis tu ncua thiab cov uas twb muaj lawm tau muab tso ua ke. Xyoo 1945, muaj li ntawm 10 lub mines ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam, xyoo 1953 muaj 17 ntawm lawv, xyoo 1954, Tsentralnaya mine tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm. Nws yog thawj lub mine hauv Vorkuta uas cov neeg dawb ua haujlwm. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias ua ntej ntawd, cov neeg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov mines tau sawv cev tsuas yog los ntawm cov neeg raug kaw ntawm lub chaw pw hav zoov Vorkutlag.

Nyob rau xyoo 1990, 13 mines ua haujlwm hauv Vorkuta, tab sis qhov kev rov tsim kho tshiab ntawm kev lag luam thee tau tshem tawm feem ntau ntawm lawv.

Vorkuta Mine

Vorkutinskaya thee mine tau tsim thiab muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm hauv xyoo 1973 raws li No. 1 ("Capital") thiab No. 40 mines hauv Vorkuta. Qhov tob ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob yog 780 meters. Cov khoom ua haujlwm tawm "triple" (2.2-3 meters) thiab "plaub" (1.4-1.6 meters) seams. Nws qeb raug lees paub tias yog qhov txaus ntshai rau kev tso pa tawm sai sai thiab rau qhov tawg ntawm cov hmoov av.

Lub peev xwm tsim khoom ntawm lub mine ua tau txog 1.8 lab tons ntawm cov thee hauv ib xyoos, thaum cov khoom siv raw khoom muaj txog 40 lab tons. Muab cov ntsuas ntsuas, kev txhim kho ntawm cov mine yuav txuas ntxiv mus rau ntau tshaj kaum xyoo. Rau tag nrho txoj kev loj hlob ntawm reserves, kev tswj ntawm lub tuam txhab ntsib ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov dej num kom modernize ntau lawm. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm Vorkuta, cov miners mined 120 lab tons ntawm thee.

Komsomolskaya Mine

Kev tsim kho ntawm Komsomolskaya mine hauv Vorkuta tau ua tiav thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1976. Nws tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke nyuaj ntawm kuv daim teb No.17, No.18 thiab No.25. Txij li thaum pib ua haujlwm, cov miners tau nqa ntau dua 70 lab tons ntawm cov thee.

Tam sim no, muaj kev txhim kho cov thee seams ntawm qhov tob tob (1100 meters), uas txawv qhov kuv ntawm qhov seem. Txawm hais tias qhov nyuaj ntawm cov mining thiab geological tej yam kev mob, Komsomolskaya tseem ua kom pom kev ua tau zoo, muab 2Zh qib thee. Kev taw qhia txog kev siv thev naus laus zis los daws cov teeb meem ntawm degassing thiab qhov cua ntawm cov mines thee tau xyaum.

Zapolyarnaya Kuv

Nyob hauv Vorkuta, Zapolyarnaya mine yog tib lub chaw uas tsis tau ua tiav ib pab pawg rov tsim kho thiab txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm ntawm tib qhov chaw lag luam rau txog 70 xyoo. Thawj tons ntawm cov thee tau tsa thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1949. Lub mine tau mus ua haujlwm nrog kwv yees muaj peev xwm ntawm 500 txhiab tons ntawm cov thee hauv ib xyoos, tab sis nws tau nrawm dua los ntawm 35%. Nyob rau hauv nws daim teb (34 sq. km) muaj "triple", "plaub" thiab "fifth" khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, tab sis tsuas yog thawj ob yog ua hauj lwm. Txij li thaum xyoo 1970, Zapolyarnaya tau tsim 90 lab tons ntawm thee.

Zapolyarnaya Mine yog ib tus thawj coj ua haujlwm tsuas yog ua haujlwm hauv av rau kev sim cov cuab yeej mining. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, nws tau undergone ntau renovation thiab hloov kho. Xyoo 2010, lub mine hauvib zaug ntxiv ua qhov chaw sim rau cov thev naus laus zis tshiab. Nws ua tiav cov kev sim ntawm qhov chaw npaj cov thee qhuav.

Vorgashorskaya Mine

Qhov loj tshaj plaws thee mining lag luam nyob rau hauv European ib feem ntawm Russia yog Vorgashorskaya mine. Nws txoj kev tsim kho tau pib xyoo 1964 thiab siv sijhawm li 11 xyoos. Thawj tons ntawm cov thee tau mined tsuas yog nyob rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1975, tab sis cov kev ua tiav thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub mine pib sai sai rov qab cov nplooj ntawv keeb kwm. Txog niaj hnub no, lub chaw tau tsim 168 lab tons ntawm cov thee.

"Vorgashorskaya", ua ib qho mines yau tshaj plaws hauv Vorkuta, tau hloov kho dua tshiab thiab nruab dua lwm tus. Nyob rau hauv lub arsenal ntawm qhov chaw muaj cov qauv ntawm cov tshuab thiab cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov tuam txhab ua lag luam. Yog li, kev ua haujlwm ntawm JOY complex hauv 2010 tau tso cai rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw No. 1 kom dhau 1212 m ntawm kuv cov haujlwm hauv ib hlis. Qhov kev ua tiav no tau dhau tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov lag luam thee ntawm sab av loj.

Nyob rau theem no, sab qab teb sab hnub poob tau raug mined, raws li kev kwv yees tau lees paub, ntau dua 14 lab tons ntawm coking thee nyob ntawd.

Mine "Severnaya"

Rau lub hauv paus ntawm kev tsim kho kuv thaj tsam No.5 thiab No.7, lub Severnaya mine tau tsim thiab muab tso rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1969. Hauv Vorkuta, nws yog thiab tseem yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, thaum lub peev xwm ntim ntawm nws cov deposits tseem tsis tau tshawb pom tag nrho. Tsis zoo li lwm yam mines, lub thickness ntawm thee seam ntawm Severnaya nce mus txog 4 meters. Thaum nws ua haujlwm muajtsim tawm 128 lab tons ntawm coking thee qib 2Zh.

Lub Ob Hlis 2016, muaj kev tawg tshwm sim ntawm Severnaya mine hauv Vorkuta, ua rau cov neeg ua haujlwm tuag. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov xwm txheej no, nws tau txiav txim siab ua kom dej nyab lub chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, txij xyoo 2020, ib feem ntawm Severnaya teb tau npaj yuav raug khawb los ntawm cov teb uas nyob ib sab ntawm Komsomolskaya mine.