Distillates - yog dab tsi

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Thawj qhov hais txog cov txheej txheem distillation tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau xyoo pua 1st BC. Aristotle yog ib tus thawj kws tshawb fawb los piav qhia txog cov cuab yeej no. Tom qab ntawd, ntau yam alchemists los ntawm thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb tau koom nrog cov txheej txheem no. Koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev haus cawv ntawm ntau tus neeg uas siv cov khoom nyoos los ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, qab zib, kua txiv apples, plums thiab ntau ntxiv. Egyptian alchemists ua ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho ntawm distillation. Lawv muaj kev xav tias, ua tsaug rau distillation, "soul" yuav muab rho tawm los ntawm cawv, thiab nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab terminology "spiritus" tau yooj yim rau lo lus "cawv". Hauv qab no peb yuav tham txog qhov tshwm sim thiab nrhiav seb nws yog dab tsi - distillates.

Dab tsi yog distillation

Los ntawm lo lus Latin nws txhais tau tias "draining drops". Cov tshuab no tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li qhov distillation ntawm cov kua, vim nws evaporates, tig mus rau hauv vapor thaum txias tom qab kev sib cuag nrog huab cua. Distillation muab faib ua 2 hom:

1. Nrog chav ua pa hauvkua.
2. Nrog lub xeev condensation.

Yog li, cov distillates yog cov kua lossis cov khoom (lwm yam hu ua residue) uas tshwm sim los ntawm condensate. Tsis tas li ntawd, distillation yog muab faib ua yooj yim thiab feem. Hauv thawj qhov kev xaiv, qhov no yog kev tshem tawm tas mus li thiab evaporation ntawm cov kua, thiab qhov thib ob txoj kev suav nrog distillation ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, thiab txhua qhov kev tshem tawm mus rau ib lub khob cais.

Txhawm rau ua tiav cov txheej txheem no, xav tau cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb:

• heated kaw thawv (lub voos xwmfab, thawv);
• drip eliminator (pipe kom tshem tawm txaws entrainment);
• refrigerated condenser (tub yees);
• condenser hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (cov yeeb nkab hauv cov yeeb nkab);
• chav kab (los yog kauj) txuas ob lub ntsiab lus;
• receiving peev.

Yuav ua li cas thiaj siv tau rau

Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog thaum muaj qhov xav tau cais cov kua rau hauv ob peb feem lossis cais ntawm impurities. Qhov no siv rau cov roj yam tseem ceeb, dej, hydrosols, paj dej, cawv thiab roj kev lag luam. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias kev nyab xeeb yog tus yuam sij rau kev nce qib ntawm cov distillation.

Cov dej haus ib txwm raug siv thev naus laus zis los ua kom huv. Yog li ntawd, peb tau txais dej huv yam tsis muaj ntau yam impurities. ntsev, hlau, kab mob, xuab zeb, thiab lwm yam. nyob rau hauv ib lub voos xwmfab rhuab nrog ib tug kua. Thiab cov distillate condensate yog dawb los ntawm cov additives.

Tab sis qhov nrhiav tau ntau tshaj qhov laj thawj rau distillation yog cawvdistillation. Yog li ntawd, ib qho khoom cawv tau txais. Nws hloov tawm tias cov dej qab zib uas muaj cawv yog distillates.

theem ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis

Hauv cov ntsiab lus yooj yim, kom tau txais cov khoom muaj cawv zaum kawg, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua cov thev naus laus zis hauv 3 theem ntawm cov kua evaporation.

Nyob rau hauv lub thawv kaw ntom ntom (hermetic), mash (muaj cawv hauv paus) muab tso rau, uas, thaum cua sov, pib condense thaum hla lub kauj. Thawj (los yog "lub taub hau") evaporation feem yog lub teeb tshaj plaws thiab muaj methyl cawv. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom nqus tau thiab haus nws, vim nws ua rau intoxication heev, uas lawv mus dig muag thiab tuag.

Qhov thib ob (los yog nws tseem hu ua "middle distillate") - ethyl cawv, nws yog nws lub hom phiaj ntawm cawv distillation. Thaum kawg, cov dej zoo tib yam drips los ntawm lub kauj, yuav luag tsis muaj cawv, tab sis nws muaj cov hlau hnyav (butanol thiab isopropanol), uas kuj muaj tshuaj lom, tab sis tsis zoo li methanol - lawv muaj hangover hnyav. Cov feem no hu ua "tail". Cov txheej txheem raug tso tseg thaum lub distillate nres hlawv.

Nws hloov tawm tias "lub ntsiab lus kub" ntawm cawv - distillate yog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tau txais cov dej cawv uas tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, cognac, armagnac, calvados, scotch thiab irish whiskey, spanish thiab Portuguese brandy, Mexican tequila thiab ntau lwm tus yog tsim los siv cov tshuaj cawv cawv distillation technology..

Distillate tsis yog kua purified xwblos ntawm impurities, qhov no yog kev khaws cia ntawm saj. Ib tug feature ntawm distillation yog hais tias nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tshem tawm ntawm impurities vim lub volatility ntawm lub Cheebtsam. Tab sis nws yog precisely vim hais tias ntawm no zoo uas haus cawv tuav lawv cov cim aromatic saj. Piv txwv li, yog tias 100-xyoo-laus Scotch whiskey raug kho kom raug (kev sib cais ntau dua ntawm cov feem ntau, cov cawv ntshiab), ces nws yuav saj tsis txawv ntawm vodka.

Gas condensate distillate (DHA)

Nov yog cov kua ntshiab uas tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob distillation thiab tsis yaj hauv dej. Lawv suav nrog roj av, kerosene feem uas tsis muaj cov tshuaj resinous. Hauv lwm lo lus, nws yog cov khoom siv roj refining. Nws yog siv los ua cov roj diesel lossis hnyav hauv kev lag luam xim.

Cov distillates no tau muab faib ua lub teeb, nruab nrab thiab hnyav DHA. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv cov roj kev lag luam nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm additives nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov roj av, roj, nws yog lub teeb DHA.

Medium distillate yog nyob ze rau hauv cov ntsiab lus rau lub caij ntuj no diesel qib. Hnyav - cov no yog cov seem seem distillation thiab siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem cov nroj tsuag, boiler tsev ua roj.

Kev siv thiab kev thauj mus los ntawm DHA

Petrochemical distillate yog cov khoom tawg thiab tawg. Kev thauj mus los ntawm cov khoom siv yog ua raws li cov kev cai nruj tshaj plaws ntawm kev nyab xeeb hauv cov ntim ntim uas ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv corrosion.

Los ntawm nwsQee yam ntawm cov khoom siv polymeric kuj tsim, nrog rau cov tshuaj purification thiab stabilization ntawm distillate. Thiab tseem nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov additives nrog ib tug siab octane tooj thiab ua raws li ib tug raw khoom rau lub synthesis ntawm olefins. Ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov roj stains ntawm cov tshuab thiab ua cov kuab tshuaj hauv kev lag luam xim.

Nyob rau hauv xaus txog distillates

A distillate yog ib yam khoom tau los ntawm lub cev thiab cov txheej txheem tshuaj hu ua distillation. Cov cuab yeej siv tau yooj yim, tab sis yuav tsum muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ua kom pom tseeb ntawm kev ua ntu zus. Ntau yam cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem; nws tsim nyog distilling tsuas yog tias koj muaj kev paub tshwj xeeb thiab kev txawj ntse.