Hom hlau twg muaj nyob thiab yuav ua li cas

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Yog tias tsis muaj kev tshawb pom ntawm cov hlau, nws cov khoom thiab cov txheej txheem ua tiav, kev vam meej niaj hnub yuav tsis muaj nyob. Txij li thaum ancient sij hawm, qee hom hlau tau paub tias yog siv rau kev tsim riam phom thiab cuab yeej. Nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm metallurgy thiab metalworking technology, cov khoom no tau pib siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm tib neeg.

Kev faib tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg

Cov hlau ntawm cov hlau nrog carbon, cov ntsiab lus ntawm tom kawg uas tsis tshaj 2%, yog hu ua hlau. Nws cov hom tseem ceeb yog cais feem ntau los ntawm qib ntawm cov ntsiab lus carbon:

• qis carbon;
• nruab nrab carbon;
• siab carbon.

Thawj daim ntawv ntawm cov npe muaj npe tsis muaj ntau tshaj 0.25%. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-carbon steels, nws cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv qhov ntau ntawm 0.25-0.6%, thiab high-carbon steels yog txawv los ntawm ib tug concentration siab tshaj 0.6%.

Hlau alloying

Cov khoom qub qub rau kev tsim steel twb muaj qee qhov tsis huv. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog teeb meem, tab sis muaj cov uastxhim kho cov khoom ntawm cov khoom kawg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau pom tias qee cov tshuaj ntxiv tau hloov pauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov khoom siv tau piav qhia. Yog li, cov txheej txheem alloying tau pom. Thiab niaj hnub no, hom thiab cov khoom ntawm steel nrog alloying yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm metallurgical laboratories thiab institutes.

Raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo, cov hlau no tau muab faib ua peb pawg:

• qis-alloyed (impurities txog 2.5%);
• nruab nrab-alloyed (alloying ntsiab ntawm 2.5 rau 10%);
• hnyav alloyed (ntau tshaj 10% alloying).

Kev cais raws lub hom phiaj

Nyob ntawm txoj kev tsim khoom, tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab tus nqi ntawm cov hlau alloying, cov nram qab no hom hlau yog txawv:

• qauv;

Nkauj ntseeg vaj tswv instrumental;

• nrog lub cev tshwj xeeb;
• nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg tshwj xeeb.

Cov qauv qauv yog qhov loj tshaj plaws, xws li alloys yog siv los tsim cov khoom siv engineering feem ntau thiab hauv kev tsim kho.

Cov cuab yeej yog cov pa roj carbon siab, siab tawv, tab sis kuj nkig. Lawv siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam cuab yeej - los ntawm kev phais mus rau hlau-txiav. Li no lub npe ntawm hom hlau no.

Rau cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim khoom, cov alloys nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev yog xav tau:Tsawg coefficient ntawm linear expansion, siab magnetization muaj peev xwm, thiab lwm yam

Alloys nrog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg yog hom kawg ntawm peb daim ntawv teev npe. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog resistant rau corrosion, lwm tus yog tshav kub-resistant, thiab muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj zog tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Kev faib tawm los ntawm qib ntawm cov teeb meem tsis huv

Cov impurities feem ntau uas degrade cov khoom ntawm hlau yog sulfur thiab phosphorus. Nyob rau hauv cov alloys ntawm zoo tib yam, sulfur ntsiab lus mus txog 0.06% thiab phosphorus mus txog 0.07% raug tso cai. Cov hlau uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg zoo tsis muaj ntau tshaj 0.035% ntawm txhua yam teeb meem, thiab cov hlau zoo - tsis ntau tshaj 0.025%. Hauv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hlau zoo, qib ntawm sulfur impurities tsis ntau tshaj 0.015%, thiab cov ntsiab lus phosphorus raug tso cai txog li 0.025%.

Steel Processing Methods

Raws li qib cua sov, kev ua haujlwm kub thiab txias. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, cov hlau yog rhuab mus rau theem ntawm austenite tsim, tab sis hauv qab lub melting point. Cov hlau ua mos thiab tuaj yeem hloov kho. Cov txheej txheem txias txias yog ua raws li ib txwm muaj.

Raws li hom kev cuam tshuam, ob hom kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb tau muab faib: siab thiab txiav. Thawj hom suav nrog forging, dov, kos duab, stamping thiab nias.

Hom thib ob ntawm kev ua haujlwm suav nrog cov haujlwm hauv qab no: tig, drilling, milling. Tab sis kuj muaj txiasstamping, nrog rau txias forging, uas tau txais ib lub npe cais - "hardening".

Qhov kev txhim kho tshiab tshaj plaws hauv kev ua haujlwm txias ntawm cov hlau raws li kev xav ntawm fluidity ntawm cov hlau tso cai rau koj hloov pauv cov duab thiab qhov loj ntawm cov khoom qub yam tsis muaj cua sov thiab nrog kev pab los ntawm lub siab ntim. Cov hlau yog loaded kom txog thaum nws mus txog lub xeev tawm los thiab yog "ke" rau machining. Txoj kev no muaj feem cuam tshuam rau qee cov alloys uas hloov lawv lub cev, tshuaj lom neeg lossis lub zog yam ntxwv thaum rhuab.