Cable-stayed systems: ntaus ntawv, qhov zoo, nta thiab qhov tsis zoo
Cable-stayed systems: ntaus ntawv, qhov zoo, nta thiab qhov tsis zoo

Video: Cable-stayed systems: ntaus ntawv, qhov zoo, nta thiab qhov tsis zoo

Video: Cable-stayed systems: ntaus ntawv, qhov zoo, nta thiab qhov tsis zoo
Video: Qhia cheb kev phem tawm hauv tsev tshiab thiab tsev qub, tsev xauj. 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Yuav muaj pes tsawg tus choj nyob hauv ntiaj teb no? Kaum ob! Arched, cantilever, adjustable, dej khov, pontoon, retractable, dej nyab, lifting, teb, dai, nqaj, rooj zoo li lub rooj thiab ntau lwm yam. Tab sis nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no peb yuav tham nrog koj txog ib qho kev ua kom zoo nkauj thiab txhim khu kev qha variation - nrog dai cov kab hluav taws xob ntawm lub ru tsev, nrog rau cov kab ke ntawm lawv tus kheej.

Cable-nyob thiab tshem tawm systems

Cov qauv dai yog cov qauv hlau, cov kabmob uas tau coj mus rau qhov nruj. Ntawm no lawv yog:

  • steel ropes;
  • tiaj tus lossis round steel;
  • membranes (cov ntawv tshwj xeeb steel);
  • rolled profiles (rau kev nthuav qhia - tawv hlau threads), muaj peev xwm tsis tsuas stretching, tab sis kuj khoov.
cable-nyob systems
cable-nyob systems

Cov kab hluav taws xob, tsis zoo li yav dhau los, tsis tau tsuas yog rub cov xov hauv cov txheej, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov ntsiab lus nruj. Kev ua haujlwm tom kawg tsuas yog khoov, nws tuaj yeem ua rau laj kab rau lawv, suav nrog cov vov tsev thiab hauv pem teb.

Ob lub dai thiab cable-nyob twj ywm muaj peev xwm thaiv qhov ncuaKev ncua deb mus txog 200 m. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv qhov nruab nrab ntev ntawm kev xyaum sib txawv ntawm 50-150 m.

Tsim qhov zoo

Cia peb teev qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom dai thiab kab nyob hauv:

  • Tsim kom muaj lub hauv paus zoo rau kev pom, suab paj nruag, teeb pom kev zoo.
  • Ntau hom qauv ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob nyob ruaj ruaj tuaj yeem siv tau, ua rau muaj ntau yam kev hloov pauv ntawm vaj tse.
  • Choj ntawm hom no muaj peev xwm npog qhov kev nthuav dav.
  • Thaum lub sijhawm tsim kho, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem tsis nco qab txog kev thauj mus los zoo ntawm cov qauv siv - cov ntaub nplaum thiab hlua tuaj yeem muab dov rau hauv yob lossis coils.
  • txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim tus choj yog yooj yim los ntawm qhov tseeb tias tsis tas yuav nruab platforms, scaffolding.
  • Thaum lub thauj khoom tau txais nyob rau hauv cov qauv tensioned load-bearing, tag nrho cheeb tsam hla kev ua haujlwm. Thaum siv cov hlau muaj zog hauv lawv cov khoom, vim qhov zoo, nws muaj peev xwm txo tau qhov kev siv ntawm cov hlau no.
kab-nyob ruaj khov
kab-nyob ruaj khov

Design flaws

Cia li kov qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev dai thiab kab-nyob ru tsev:

  • Muaj ntau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov qauv - qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau dai ntau yam, vim tias nws yuav tsum tau teeb tsa lub prestress kom stabilize cov xov.
  • Yuav kom pom qhov sib kis ntawm cov khoom siv thauj khoom hnyav, yuav tsum muaj ntau qhov kev txhawb nqa contours.
  • Qee zaum, muaj teeb meem hauv kev txhim kho qhov dej ntws.
dai kab-nyobtxheej txheej
dai kab-nyobtxheej txheej

Txhim kho cov kab ke nyob hauv

Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob nyob twj ywm raug tshem tawm yog thauj khoom ncaj nraim ropes lossis cables, nrog rau cov khoom nruj - racks, kab teeb, thiab lwm yam. Muab hais tias cov txiv neej ncaj, lawv tuaj yeem muaj cov hlua khi lossis cov pas nrig. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias lub kaum sab xis ntawm inclination ntawm shrouds yuav tsum tsis txhob ncav cuag 25-30 degrees.

kab-nyob systems diagrams
kab-nyob systems diagrams

Cov txheej txheem yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob nyob twj ywm yog cov kab hluav taws xob nyob hauv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau nws tias cov txiv neej nyob rau hauv ib qho los yog ntau qhov chaw txhawb nqa cov nqaj tawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv lawv tus kheej tawm ntawm qhov saum toj ntawm cov pylons, lossis zoo li cov kab lus ntawm lub harp thaum lawv mus rau ib leeg.

Ntau yam ntawm hanging systems

Tom qab cov kab hluav taws xob, cia peb saib ntau yam ntawm cov tshuab dai:

  • Ib txoj siv sia. Lawv tau ua dhau chav ntawm ob qho tib si puag ncig thiab duab plaub. Kev xaav ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm cov xov hlau yog muab los ntawm pylons, cov txiv neej, txuas ntxiv rau lub tsev, thiab lwm yam. Kev siv cov xov hloov tau yooj yim lossis arches raws li kev txhawb nqa nruab nrab yog qhov raug. Cov txheej yog stabilized nrog ru tsev reinforced pob zeb panels, embedding seams.
  • Ob-siv. Ntxiv nrog rau cov hlua thauj khoom thauj khoom, lawv kuj muaj qhov ruaj khov, uas txuas nrog cov khoom thauj-cov kabmob stretch marks lossis spacers. Tsawg kawg ntawm tag nrho, qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej dai tau pom thaum siv cov txheej txheem txheej txheej txheej txheej.
  • Cable nets (ib hom ob-siv). Lawv indisputable zoo yog ntau yam shaping thiab architectural zoo ua tiav nrogtxawj tsim.
  • Cov txheej txheem. Cov no yog cov txheej txheej ib txheej txuas ntxiv uas muaj cov nplooj ntawv lossis cov strips, uas tau txiav thiab txuas nrog rau hauv txoj kev uas lawv tsim ib qho chaw ua ntej ntawm ob lossis ib qho curvature. Lawv txawv los ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm lwm cov qauv dai los ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm kev ua kom tiav thiab kev ua haujlwm. Tab sis qhov tsis zoo tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheej membrane yog qhov hluav taws kub tsis tshua muaj vim qhov loj ntawm cov hlau raug, raug corrosion, vim qhov tsawg kawg nkaus thickness ntawm cov ntawv hlau yuav tsum yog nyob rau hauv 4-5 hli nrog ib qho kev tso cai 1-2. mm. Cov daim nyias nyias tuaj yeem ua cylindrical, ncig, lub tsev pheeb suab zoo li.
kab-nyob ruaj khov
kab-nyob ruaj khov

Cia peb txav tshwj xeeb rau kev ncua thiab txuas txuas txuas txuas txuas.

kab-nyob choj

Qhov ntau yam no yog tus yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kabmob kabmob - cable trusses, uas yog tsim los ntawm stretched rods (cov txiv neej). Qee lub sij hawm muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke uas qhov qis ntawm cov trusses tau hloov los ntawm cov kab txaij stiffening. Kev ua haujlwm tom kawg yog tsom rau kev khoov, thiab kev ua haujlwm yog los txhawb lub platform ntawm txoj kev. Cov txiv neej ntawm no yog cov hlau uas muaj zog, tsim rau hauv cov pob, lossis cov hlua hlau.

Ob lub cable trusses thiab cov tshuab ua ke hauv cov qauv no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm pylons. Los ntawm cov chaw uas cov cables raug tshem tawm ntawm lub pylon, kab rov tav tivthaiv ntawm lawv cov kev txhawb nqa siab yog pauv mus rau lub thauj tog rau nkoj los ntawm ib tug system ntawm txiv leej tub nyob ntawm tej. Yog hais tias muaj ib tug stiffening beam, ces qhov kawg ntawm braces yog tsau rau nws, uas yog vim li cas lub kaw lus hloov mus rau hauv ib tug externally spaceless. Kev tsim kho txoj kevtwb txuas nrog rau cov kab ntawm cov kab-nyob trusses.

cable-nyob txheej txheej
cable-nyob txheej txheej

Thawj tus choj nyob hauv tebchaws Soviet tau tsim xyoo 1932 hla tus dej Magana (niaj hnub Georgia). Txawm li cas los xij, thawj tus choj ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob niaj hnub nyob hauv tsuas yog xyoo 1956 - qhov no yog Swedish Stomsund. Lub pioneer cable-nyob railway chaw tsim nyob rau hauv 1979 hauv Belgrade.

thawj tus choj txuas txuas rau thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Russia yog Oktyabrsky hla tus dej Sheksna (Cherepovets). Nws txoj kev tsim kho tau xaus rau xyoo 1979. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation kuj muaj ib tug cable-nyob qauv-cov ntaub ntawv tuav. Qhov no yog tus choj Lavxias nyob rau hauv Vladivostok, thaiv lub Eastern Bosphorus. Nws yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov ntev tshaj plaws - 1104 m (tag nrho qhov ntev yog 1886 m), uas tau txhawb nqa los ntawm ob lub pylons.

Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm tus choj txuas txuas txuas

Cia peb xav txog qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov choj zoo li no. Txhawm rau kom nkag siab zoo dua, peb txiav txim siab muab lawv rau koj hauv daim ntawv hauv qab no.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws.

Flaws
Lub teeb load-bearing qauv Txo kom nruj - tsuas yog siv hauv nroog lossis txoj kev txuas hniav
Muaj peev xwm sib tshooj loj txaus Nyob tsis tshua muaj neeg, nws tuaj yeem siv tau los ua tus choj kev tsheb ciav hlau - tsuas yog muaj qee qhov kev tsim kab teeb tsa
Cov khoom siv tsawg tsawg, ntxiv rau, kev yuav cov qauv kim tsis tas yuav
Muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov chaw mounting
Architectural aesthetics
Tsis zoo li cov dai, lawv tsis txav ntau

Zoo kawg, cia peb saib cov txuas txuas txuas txuas ntxiv.

Txoj Kev Ncaj Ncees

Ncua tseg (txawm li cas los xij - ncua kev kawm) tus choj - tus qauv uas nws txhawb nqa cov qauv tseem ceeb yog cov khoom siv tau yooj yim (ropes, chains, cables, thiab lwm yam) kev khiav hauj lwm nruj, thiab txoj kev yog nyob rau hauv ib qho kev ncua. Cov txuas hniav zoo li no yog qhov pom tiag tiag yog tias yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv loj, thiab nws yog qhov txaus ntshai lossis tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho cov kev txhawb nqa nruab nrab (piv txwv li, ntawm tus dej navigable).

Cov qauv kabmob raug tshem tawm ntawm cov pylons ua rau ntawm ob lub tsev txhab nyiaj. Vertical beams twb txuas rau cov cables, uas txoj kev ntawm lub ntsiab span yog ncaj qha ncua. Ib qho concentrated load tso cai rau cov qauv txhawb hloov nws cov duab, uas txo cov rigidity ntawm tus choj. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov no los ntawm qhov tshwm sim, txoj kev yog ntxiv nrog cov kab ntev ntev.

ncua kev kawm ntawv thiab cable-nyob txuas hniav
ncua kev kawm ntawv thiab cable-nyob txuas hniav

Thawj qhov txuas txuas txuas tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub, Incas, thiab lwm haiv neeg ntawm Central thiab South America, Southeast Asia. Kev tsim kho ntawm hom niaj hnub pib tshwm sim hauv XVII-XVIII centuries. hauv Spain, Fabkis, Great Britain, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Hauv tebchaws Russia, thawj tus choj raug kaw tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1823 hauv Ekateringof chaw ua si hauv St. Ib qho chaw nto moo tshaj plaws hauv tsev txuas hniav niaj hnub no tuaj yeem hu ua Krymsky hauv Moscow, ua rau xyoo 1938

Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev ncua kev txuas hniav

Xav txog qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov qauv raug tshem tawm, uas tau nthuav tawm hauv lub roojhauv qab no.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws.

Flaws
Cov khoom me me yuav tsum tau ua kom ntev lub ntsiab Tsis txaus rigidity - tus choj yog qhov txaus ntshai rau kev khiav lag luam, piv txwv li, thaum muaj cua daj cua dub
Lub teeb tuag hnyav ntawm cov qauv Rau kev ntseeg siab ntawm pylon kev txhawb nqa, yuav tsum muaj peev txheej
Choj ntawm qhov tsim no tuaj yeem ua kom siab tshaj qhov dej saum npoo av, uas yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov dej ntws hauv dej Nrog lub thauj khoom tsis sib xws, daim ntaub ntawm tus choj ncua kev kawm zoo li khoov, uas tiv thaiv nws txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau
Tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa nruab nrab yuav tsum tau
Raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus lossis seismic loads, cov txuas hniav no tuaj yeem khoov yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov qauv tag nrho

Tsuas yog peb xav qhia koj txog kev nyob, nyob, txuas hniav. Ncua tseg thiab cable-nyob ru tsev yog ib qho yooj yim los tsim, muaj peev xwm npog cov spans loj, saib kev sib haum xeeb, thiab muaj peev xwm tsim cov kev daws teeb meem. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv kuj muaj lawv qhov tsis zoo, uas ua rau muaj kev txwv, piv txwv li, rau kev tsim cov choj qee yam.

Pom zoo: