Kev lag luam kev lag luam: lub tswv yim, hom, kev ua haujlwm, nta thiab piv txwv

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Nws yog kev lag luam uas yog lub ntsiab lus hauv kev lag luam. Cov tuam txhab, cov lag luam, cov lag luam, cov neeg siv khoom sib cuam tshuam ntawm no. Kev lag luam sib npaug kuj tseem ceeb rau cov xeev hauv ntiaj teb. Kev ua lag luam ib txwm muaj kev txaus siab rau cov tub ua lag luam thiab cov tswv.

Muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus, kev ntsuas kev ntsuas, ntau yam ntawm kev ua lag luam niaj hnub no. Peb yuav tsom mus rau lub tswvyim ntawm "kev ua lag luam ceg". Xav txog nws ntau yam, ua haujlwm. Peb tseem yuav nthuav qhia cov piv txwv ntawm cov kev lag luam zoo li no.

cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb

Kev lag luam kev lag luam - nws yog dab tsi? Muaj ob lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas koj yuav tsum paub ua ntej:

1. Kev ua lag luam yog qhov nyuaj ntawm ntau yam kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev lag luam uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev yuav khoom thiab muag cov khoom ntawm tus nqi tsim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev muab khoom thiab kev thov tshwm sim tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm kev sib tw no.
2. Industry - cov chaw lag luam uas tsim cov khoom lag luam uas yog ib lub koom haum hauv kev tsim khoom. Ntawd yog, cov khoom ua tausiv cov thev naus laus zis zoo sib xws, siv cov khoom sib xws thiab cov khoom siv raw.

Qhov sib txawv ntawm lub tswv yim

Qhov nyuaj tseem nyob ntawm qhov tseeb tias kev lag luam kev lag luam yog ib lo lus uas muaj, yog tias tsis yog qhov sib txawv, ces ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv.

Kev lag luam sib cuam tshuam los ntawm kev txaus siab rau cov neeg yuav khoom xav tau. Ntawd yog, cov khoom uas yog cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab rau cov neeg siv khoom sib xyaw ua ke ntawm no. Industries, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog interconnected nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev sib txawv - siv cov technologies zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv ntau lawm.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias lub tswv yim ntawm kev lag luam yog me ntsis dav dua li lub tswv yim ntawm kev lag luam. Cia peb coj cov kev lag luam chemical ua piv txwv. Cov ceg ntawm kev tsim khoom no tuaj yeem muab cov khoom lag luam rau ntau lub khw muag khoom sib txawv ib zaug.

Qhov no yog dab tsi?

Yog li lo lus "txoj kev lag luam" tuaj qhov twg? Qhov no yog hais txog kev ua lag luam thiab txhua qhov kev tsim khoom lag luam uas txawv hauv kev lag luam los ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm kev tsim cov khoom zoo sib xws, homogeneous hauv lawv cov yam ntxwv.

Tsuas yog qhov no, cov ntsiab lus no txuas rau hauv cov kab lus no. Xws li ib qho yooj yim yog tso cai tsuas yog hais tias lub sub-sector yog tshwj xeeb heev.

Highlight nta

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam feem ntau nyob ntawm lawv thaj tsam. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub thaum lub lag luam no tau yug los, qhov twg nws tuaj yeem nthuav dav thaum qhov kev ua ntawm nws ploj mus.

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb rau kev txiav txim siab cov yam ntxwv ntawm tag nrho lawv ntau yam:

1. Ciam Teb.
2. Ntau tus muag thiabbuyers.
3. Qhov siab, kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev thaiv kev txav mus thiab nkag mus rau hauv kev lag luam.

Txhawm rau qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam, tus kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum teb cov lus nug hauv qab no hauv nws qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam:

1. Leej twg yog tus tiag, muaj peev xwm sib tw hauv kev lag luam no?
2. Leej twg yog tus yuav, tus neeg siv khoom?
3. Lub khw no puas txwv kev sib tw?
4. Puas yog lub khw no cuam tshuam los ntawm lwm tus? Puas muaj kev xav rau lawv sib koom ua ke?

Ciam Teb

Raws li daim ntawv thov hauv kev xyaum, nws yog qhov nyuaj rau kev paub qhov txawv ntawm thaj tsam ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam. Cov hom ciam teb hauv qab no tseem ceeb rau cov kws tshawb fawb:

1. Khoom noj khoom haus. Lawv cuam tshuam txog kev muaj peev xwm ntawm ntau hom khoom muag los hloov pauv ib leeg.
2. Ib ntus. Cov ciam teb no tso cai rau kev sib piv ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam nyob rau lub sijhawm.
3. Geographic (los yog hauv zos). Qhov no yog qhov txwv lub cev ntawm kev ua lag luam hauv ib cheeb tsam.

Qhov dav / nqaim ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam nyob ntawm cov hauv qab no:

1. Txoj kev ntawm cov khoom nthuav tawm.
2. Lub Hom Phiaj ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Lag Luam.

Piv txwv li, rau cov neeg siv khoom ruaj khov, lub sijhawm txwv ntawm kev ua lag luam tau dav dua thiab tsawg dua li cov khoom siv tam sim no.

Muaj ntau cov khoom lag luam hauv khw rau cov neeg siv khoom lag luam ntau dua li cov khoom sivcov khoom ntawm ntau lawm-kev vector ntawm lwm lub khw.

Thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm cheeb tsam (teb chaws) thaj tsam ntawm kev lag luam nyob ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm kev sib tw ntawm cov neeg xa khoom hauv lub tebchaws, kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Thiab tseem los ntawm qhov ua tau ntawm "sab nrauv" cov neeg muag khoom nkag mus rau hauv kev lag luam hauv zos. Qhov ntawd yog qhov siab ntawm kev thaiv kev nkag.

cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb

Cov teeb meem ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam raug nthuav tawm tsuas yog thaum lawv ua tib zoo txheeb xyuas. Lawv ua raws li cov txheej txheem:

1. Price elasticity ntawm kev thov.
2. thaj tsam thaj tsam.

Cia peb xav txog cov qauv no nyias nyias.

Tus nqi elasticity ntawm kev thov

Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm qhov taw qhia ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm tus neeg muag khoom cov nyiaj tau los thaum tus nqi ntawm cov khoom muab los ntawm nws hloov. Kev lag luam, qhov tseeb, ua raws li cov saw loj ntawm cov khoom thiab lawv cov khoom hloov. Tab sis yuav ua li cas hloov tau qee yam khoom?

Cia li ua piv txwv. Yog tias tus nqi ntawm cov khoom A tau nce, ces cov nyiaj tau los ntawm nws tus neeg muag khoom tau hloov pauv hauv ib txoj kev. Yog tias cov nyiaj tau los (qhov no, cov nyiaj tau los ntxiv) tau nce ntxiv, tom qab ntawd kev lag luam tsuas yog txwv los ntawm cov khoom A. Yog tias cov nyiaj tau los tau qis dua (uas yog, cov txiaj ntsig ntxiv tau ploj mus tsis zoo), ces qhov kev hloov pauv ze rau A, cov khoom B, yog qhia. mus ua lag luam.

Ntawm no, tsis yog hais txog kev ua lag luam rau cov khoom A. Raws li kev tso tseg txoj kev kawm ntawm kev kawm ntawm kev tsim khoom B. Qhov kev xaiv raug: kev kawm ntawm A + B hauv lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nrog tus nqi mus sij hawm ntev nce, lub zog ntawm cov nyiaj tau los, cov nyiaj tau losmanufacturers yuav taw tes rau thaj tsam ntawm lub khw no.

thaj chaw txwv

Peb paub tias, piv txwv li, kev lag luam kev lag luam hauv Russia sawv tawm. Cov txheej txheem ntawm no yog cov hauv qab no:

• Kev muaj kev lis kev cai txwv.
• Kev sib raug zoo.
• muaj lub tebchaws thiab tus kheej nyiam.
• Qhov tseem ceeb lossis, qhov sib txawv, qhov sib txawv tsis tseem ceeb ntawm tus nqi.
• Kev hloov pauv.
• Nco txog tus nqi thauj.

Cov xwm txheej rau kev txiav txim siab thaj tsam ntawm kev lag luam yog raws li hauv qab no:

1. Feem ntau (ntau tshaj 75%) ntawm cov khoom siv yog nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam.
2. Ib feem ntau (tshaj 75%) ntawm cov khoom tsim tau siv nyob rau hauv tib lub zos uas nws tau tsim.
3. Tus nqi tsheb thauj mus los yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov dav dav thiab rau txhua chav ntawm cov khoom thauj.
4. Tus nqi rau tib yam khoom hauv cheeb tsam sib txawv sib txawv.
5. Kev ruaj ntseg ntawm kev lag luam sib koom ua tiav los ntawm kev koom tes ntawm cov tuam txhab ua lag luam ntawm ib cheeb tsam ntawm nws.
6. Ib cheeb tsam tau lees paub los ntawm kev ua lag luam los ntawm cov thawj coj tseem ceeb. Lawv yog cov chaw tsim khoom thiab cov neeg yuav khoom loj.
7. Kev txwv kev tswj hwm tau qhia ob qho tib si ntawm kev ntshuam thiab xa tawm cov khoom los ntawm cheeb tsam.

Kev faib tawm

Kev faib kev lag luam kev lag luam rau hauv hom yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov hauv qab no:

1. Txoj kev sib txawv ntawm cov qauv kev lag luam.
2. Kev koom tes ntawm cov haujlwm tsim khoom los ntawm cov tuam txhab.
3. Txoj haujlwm tswjfwm ua los ntawm tsoomfwv cov koomhaum.

Cia peb xav txog cov kev faib tawm tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam.

Los ntawm kev qhib siab, lawv muab faib ua ob hom:

1. Qhib. Nrog cov neeg muag khoom pub dawb nkag mus rau hauv qhov chaw ua lag luam.
2. Closed (kaw). Kev nkag ntawm cov neeg muag khoom tshiab rau hauv kev ua lag luam yog tswj hwm los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb.

Tseem muaj ob hom raws li qib ntawm lub koom haum:

1. Organized. Cov no yog cov kev lag luam uas muaj cov txheej txheem rau kev tswj cov qib ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev thov. Piv txwv li, Tshuag trading lossis auctions.
2. Spontaneous (los yog unorganized). Kev xa khoom thiab kev thov ntawm no yog sib npaug ntawm qhov tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm kev teeb tsa kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg muag khoom thiab cov neeg yuav khoom.

Rau ib thaj chaw, kev lag luam kev lag luam tau muab faib ua cov hauv qab no:

1. Ntiaj teb.
2. Regional.
3. Local (los yog hauv zos).

Raws li theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub koom haum, kev lag luam tau muab qhab nia rau hauv pawg hauv qab no:

1. Pioneer.
2. Nyob.
3. Tshuaj.
4. Shrinking (los yog fading).

Market Space

Txhua kev lag luam kev lag luam yog ib qho kev ua tiav uas muaj nws tus kheej cov qauv sab hauv ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv.

Qhov chaw lag luam ntawm no yog sawv cev raws li hauv qab no:

1. Kev ua lag luam. Nws pib nrog kev nrhiav tau ntawm lub zog ua haujlwm ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov peev txheej peev.
2. Kev lag luam txhais tau tias tsim khoom. Qhov thib ob tsim nyog yuav tsum tau pib. Nrog kev pab ntawm peev, nws txuas nrog lub zog tsim khoom. Qhov no ua rau kev tsim khoom ua haujlwm.
3. Kev lag luam ntawm cov neeg siv khoom lag luam, uas txiav txim siab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov pej xeem, qib kev noj haus, kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov nyiaj ncig.
4. kev lag luam nyiaj txiag. Lwm lub npe yog lub lag luam qiv nyiaj. Nws yog nws uas ua kom muaj kev txav mus los ntawm peev, kev txav ntawm cov nyiaj mus rau ntau qhov chaw muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tsim khoom. Qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov nthuav tawm.
5. Kev lag luam.
6. Technology market. Qhov khoom muag yog technology.
7. Lub khw muag khoom ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Qhov khoom muag thiab kev yuav khoom yog cov tswv yim ntawm sab ntsuj plig.

Functions

Cia sau cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam:

1. Intermediary.
2. Nqis.
3. xov xwm.
4. Regulating.
5. Restoring.
6. Kev faib tawm.

Examples

Kev lag luam kev lag luam piv txwv:

1. Kev lag luam hlau. Sectoral kev lag luam yog txawv los ntawm hom khoom dov - rau nkoj tsim, engineering, tsim, thiab lwm yam.
2. Pharmaceutical kev lag luam. Kev lag luam kev lag luam tshwj xeeb hauv cov spectrum ntawm kev kho mob ntawm cov tshuaj - gastric, neurological, cardiovascular thiab lwm yam.
3. Tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam. Muaj kev lag luamkev lag luam rau cov tshuaj hauv tsev, tshuaj siv rau kev lag luam thiab lwm yam.

Yog li peb tshem tawm dab tsi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muab? Kev lag luam kev lag luam yog lub tswv yim nyuaj. Tom qab tag nrho, ob lub ntsiab lus no tsis yog cov ntsiab lus zoo sib xws. Ib qho kev lag luam tuaj yeem muab cov khoom lag luam rau ntau lub lag luam sib txawv. Ib yam li ntawd, cov khoom lag luam los ntawm ntau qhov kev lag luam tuaj yeem ua kom muaj zog hauv ib lub lag luam. Yog li ntawd, lub sectoral kev lag luam txiav txim siab qhov chaw uas cov khoom ntawm ib tug nqaim sub-sector yog concentrated.