FOB - cov nqe lus ntawm kev xa khoom, daim ntawv cog lus, nta thiab kev xav tau

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Hnub no, kev thauj mus los hauv dej tau nrov heev. Hauv kev tshuaj xyuas no, peb yuav tham txog dab tsi Incoterms txoj cai yog, FOB cov xwm txheej, thiab tseem yuav xav txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus neeg muag khoom thiab tus neeg yuav khoom thaum lub sij hawm muab khoom. Los ntawm kev ua qauv ntau yam xwm txheej, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntawv cog lus thoob ntiaj teb yuav raug nthuav tawm, nrog rau cov lus pom zoo tau muab los pab cov neeg pib tshiab kom zam dhau qhov yuam kev ntau tshaj.

FOB nqe lus yog dab tsi?

Cia peb saib kom ze rau qhov no. Yog li koj pib saib FOB qhov twg? Incoterms tus me nyuam tej yam kev mob yog tej yam kev cai rau kev ua lag luam kev ua ub no uas tso cai rau koj mus streamline mov chains. Lawv qhia txog kev faib cov nqi thauj mus los, nrog rau lub sijhawm hloov pauv ntawm kev pheej hmoo ntawm tus muag khoom mus rau tus neeg yuav khoom. FOB tsuas yog siv thaum nws los txog rau kev thauj mus los hauv dej. Kev thauj mus los hauv tebchaws tsis tshua siv, yog li nws yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab tam sim ntawd thoob ntiaj tebkev xaiv. Lub hauv paus no tseem tuaj yeem siv rau kev thauj dej hauv lub tebchaws.

FOB sawv li cas? Txhais los ntawm Askiv free on board txhais tau tias "free on board". Cov lus no tej zaum yuav tsis meej dhau, yog li nws tsim nyog ua qee yam lus piav qhia. Lo lus "board" nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no txhais tau tias "qhov chaw ntawm lub nkoj." "Dawb" txhais tau hais tias tus neeg muag khoom raug tso tawm ntawm nws lub luag haujlwm tom qab cov khoom thauj tau nkag mus rau hauv lub nkoj. Lub sijhawm kawg tau txais kev mloog ntau ntxiv vim tias qhov kev pabcuam thauj khoom tsis pheej yig. Qhov nruab nrab, nws yog kwv yees li 400 US las. Yog li, yog tias tus neeg muag khoom qhia txog tus nqi FOB hauv daim ntawv cog lus, nws yuav tsum thauj khoom ntawm nws tus kheej cov nqi. Export clearance nqi kuj yog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tus neeg muag khoom.

qhov chaw xa khoom

Zoo li lwm yam Incoterms xa hauv paus, FOB cov nqe lus kuj suav nrog ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm kev thauj mus los. Rau hom kev sib tham, qhov no feem ntau yog qhov chaw nres nkoj terminal. Tus neeg muag khoom tuav tag nrho cov txheej txheem export thiab thauj cov khoom ntawm lub nkoj. Tom qab ntawd, lub luag haujlwm rau nws dhau mus rau tus neeg yuav khoom.

Ntxiv rau tus nqi thauj khoom ntawm lub nkoj thiab cov nqi xa tawm, tus neeg muag khoom tseem yuav tsum tau them tus nqi cuam tshuam nrog kev xa khoom mus rau qhov chaw nres nkoj. Ua li no, tus neeg yuav khoom tus neeg sawv cev hu rau tus neeg muag khoom tus neeg sawv cev kom pom zoo rau hnub thauj khoom. Ib lub thawv khoob uas tus neeg yuav khoom tau xa mus rau tus neeg siv khoom lub tsev rau kev thauj khoom. Kev xa khoomthawv yog thauj los ntawm tus neeg muag khoom tus neeg sawv cev.

Delivery by thauj

Lwm cov txheej txheem nrov yog siv yog tias muaj ntau tus neeg xa khoom lossis ib qho xa tawm los ntawm qhov chaw sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, tus neeg muag khoom thauj khoom los ntawm nws tus kheej thauj mus rau lub consolidation warehouse/terminal. Tom qab ntawd, ib lub thawv yog pub rau hauv nws rau kev thauj khoom. Hauv qhov no, tus neeg muag khoom kuj tseem yuav them rau cov khoom ntim khoom ntim khoom - thauj khoom los ntawm tus neeg sawv cev.

Tus nqi

Cov khoom no yuav tsum tau muab tshwj xeeb. FOB cov nqe lus xa khoom kuj suav nrog cov khoom hauv qab no:

• thauj khoom mus rau qhov chaw nres nkoj xa tawm (them los ntawm tus neeg muag khoom);
• xa khoom thiab thauj khoom (tus nqi them tus nqi);
• hiav txwv freight (them los ntawm buyer);
• tshem tawm thiab chaw nres nkoj xa mus ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm ntshuam (xws li tus neeg siv khoom);
• xa khoom thiab xa mus rau qhov kev lis kev cai tshem tawm thiab tshem tawm (them los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom).

Cov saum toj no yog cov txheej txheem sib faib nqi classic. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau qhov chaw nres nkoj hauv ntiaj teb uas FOB cov lus qhia tias kev thauj khoom ntawm lub nkoj yog tus nqi ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom. Txhua lub davhlau ya nyob twg hauv Tebchaws Meskas ua haujlwm raws li txoj haujlwm no.

Nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv tom ntej ntawm Incoterms, cov xwm txheej no yuav raug muab tso tawm cais, txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no nws yog qhov zoo dua los xyuas nrog tus neeg xa khoom ntawm tus nqi thauj khoom.

Tam sim no koj tau nyeem cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm FOB cov nqe lus xa khoom, koj yuav tsumxav txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg koom tes. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom yog them nyiaj rau cov khoom raws sijhawm. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tus neeg muag khoom yog muab cov khoom pov tseg ntawm tus neeg siv khoom thiab xa tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv nrog.

Tsim

Koj xav paub dab tsi txog qhov no? Cov nqe lus ntawm FOB daim ntawv cog lus muab rau kev npaj ntau daim ntawv tso cai thiab ntawv tso cai. Yog tias koj yog tus neeg yuav khoom ntawm cov khoom, ces koj yuav tsum muaj lub luag haujlwm rau txhua tus nqi cuam tshuam nrog kev tshem tawm cov khoom hauv lub tebchaws ntawm kev xa khoom thiab kev thauj mus los. Yog tias koj yog tus muag khoom, ces koj yuav tsum muab koj tus kheej cov nqi xa tawm los ntawm lub sijhawm xa khoom. Lwm yam kev cai tsim nyog rau kev xa tawm ntawm cov khoom kuj yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus neeg muag khoom. Yog tias tus neeg thib peb lossis ib lub koom haum thib peb koom nrog rau kev sau npe, ces kev sib raug zoo nrog nws yuav tsum tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev ua tiav ntawm cov luag num rau tus neeg yuav khoom.

xaus lus cog lus rau kev thauj mus los thiab kev tuav pov hwm

Yog li, qhov txheej txheem no ua haujlwm li cas? Daim ntawv cog lus ntawm FOB cov nqe lus hais txog kev tshem tawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus neeg muag khoom rau cov khoom, tom qab xa cov khoom ntawm lub nkoj. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg siv khoom yuav tsum tau them rau cov kev pabcuam ntawm kev thauj mus los ntxiv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm rau tus muag khoom los xaiv tus neeg sawv cev lossis cov kab xa khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem lav ris ua cov ntawv pov hwm thauj khoom ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv kev lis kev cai clearance nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm ntshuam, koj yuav tsum tau muab ib daim ntawv uas qhia txog tus nqi ntawm kev thauj mus los rau ciam teb. Feem ntau, ib daim ntawv xa mus los ntawm lub tuam txhab shipping yog txaus.tus neeg sawv cev. Thaum tshem tawm hauv thaj chaw kev lis kev cai ntawm Lavxias Federation raws li FOB, nws tsuas yog txaus los muab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev them nqi thauj khoom. Manipulations xws li tshem tawm thiab chaw nres nkoj xa mus tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog tus nqi kev lis kev cai ntawm cov khoom thiab tsis cuam tshuam rau kev suav nyiaj.

Tus neeg muag khoom kuj tsis tas yuav pov hwm cov khoom thauj, thiab tuaj yeem xaiv tus neeg xa khoom raws li nws qhov kev txiav txim siab. Raws li txoj cai, cov neeg muag khoom siv cov kev pabcuam ntawm tib tus neeg sawv cev uas tus neeg siv khoom npaj kev thauj mus los. Cov txheej txheem no tau txais yog tias cov nyiaj them poob haujlwm thiab cov nyiaj them rov qab ntawm cov neeg sawv cev tau txais rau txhua tus neeg koom nrog hauv kev sib pauv. Txwv tsis pub, koj tuaj yeem siv cov kev pabcuam ntawm lwm lub tuam txhab thauj khoom.

Kev xa khoom thiab lees txais kev xa khoom

Dab tsi yog qhov peculiarity ntawm cov txheej txheem no? FOB thiab CIF qhia tias tus neeg yuav khoom yuav tsum xa khoom. Cov txheej txheem nws tus kheej yog nominal thiab yog ib qho yooj yim pauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm tus neeg muag khoom thiab tus neeg yuav khoom. Tus neeg muag khoom yuav tsum xa cov khoom ntawm lub nkoj raws li lub sijhawm pom zoo thiab muab tso rau ntawm tus neeg nqa khoom pov tseg uas daim ntawv cog lus tau xaus nrog tus neeg yuav khoom. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, txoj kab xa khoom, lub tuam txhab logistics lossis tus neeg sawv cev xa khoom tuaj yeem ua tus xa khoom, uas yuav los ntawm kab thiab rov muag cov kev pabcuam xa mus rau nws cov neeg siv khoom, hauv peb rooj plaub, tus neeg yuav khoom. Qhov kev xav tias nws pheej yig dua rau rub lub thawv los ntawm kab xa khoom ntau dua los ntawm tus neeg sawv cev feem ntau yog qhov yuam kev. Qhov tseeb yog qhov ntawdshipping tuam txhab uas muag feem ntau muab cov neeg ua hauj lwm dlej txo nqi. Cov xwm txheej zoo li no tsis tshua muaj rau cov neeg siv khoom ntawm cov thawv thauj khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tseem yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account tias cov tuam txhab thauj khoom tsis koom nrog kev pabcuam chaw nres nkoj thiab kev xa khoom xa mus ntxiv. Ua hauj lwm nrog tus neeg sawv cev, koj tuaj yeem xaj tam sim ntawd tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntsig txog kev xa khoom, los ntawm kev xa cov thawv ntawm lub nkoj mus rau qhov chaw kawg.

Cia peb saib seb nws yog dab tsi thiab vim li cas thiaj xav tau. Txhawm rau khaws cov khoom thauj ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj, tus neeg yuav khoom yuav xav tau cov ntaub ntawv xws li daim nqi thauj khoom. Cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav tsum tau qhia hauv daim ntawv no yuav tsum tau pom zoo nrog tus neeg yuav khoom. Cais, qhov no yuav tsum tau teev nyob rau hauv ib qho kev cog lus thoob ntiaj teb. Feem ntau tus neeg sawv cev tshaj tawm daim nqi ntawm kev thauj khoom thiab xa mus rau tus neeg muag khoom tom qab tag nrho cov nqi thauj khoom thiab kev them nqi tau them. Tom qab ntawd tus neeg muag khoom xa cov nqi thauj khoom mus rau tus neeg siv khoom. Yog tias qhov txheej txheem qeeb, tus neeg yuav khoom, ua ke nrog tus neeg muag khoom, tuaj yeem xaj kom tso tawm telex. Qhov no yuav txuag tau tus nqi xa khoom thiab ua kom sai dua.

Risk share

nqe lus nug no yuav tsum tau nyeem ua ntej. Yuav ua li cas CIF thiab FOB xa cov nqe lus faib kev pheej hmoo? Txog thaum cov khoom xa tuaj rau ntawm lub nkoj, lub luag haujlwm rau lawv nyob nrog tus neeg muag khoom. Tom qab ntawd nws mus rau tus neeg yuav khoom. Yog tias muaj ib yam dab tsi tshwm sim hauv qhov chaw nres nkoj thaum lub sij hawm thauj khoom ntawm lub thawv nrog cov khoom, lub nkoj muaj cai tsis txhob nqa nws ntawm lub nkoj. Kev sib yuav nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no yuav muaj lub luag haujlwmtus neeg muag khoom. Yog tias qhov kev puas tsuaj tshwm sim thaum cov khoom twb nyob rau hauv nkoj, lub luag haujlwm rau tus neeg yuav khoom yog nrog tus neeg sawv cev.

Kev ceeb toom

Yog tias koj yog ib tus neeg siv khoom, tus neeg sawv cev sawv cev koj yuav tsum ceeb toom rau tus neeg muag khoom raws sijhawm txog kev ua tiav ntawm kev xa khoom los ntawm ib lossis lwm lub nkoj. Qhov no yuav cia tus neeg muag khoom npaj cov khoom thiab tshem tawm lawv rau kev xa tawm. Tus neeg muag khoom, dhau los, yuav tsum tau ceeb toom rau tus neeg yuav khoom tias cov khoom tau raug xa mus rau lub tuam txhab tau teev tseg hauv daim ntawv cog lus. Tus neeg muag khoom tuaj yeem ceeb toom rau tus neeg siv khoom hauv txhua daim ntawv yooj yim rau nws, tshwj tsis yog tau teev tseg hauv daim ntawv cog lus xaus.

Zaj lus

Hauv kev tshuaj xyuas no, peb tau tshuaj xyuas kom meej tias FOB cov xwm txheej yog dab tsi, lawv cov yam ntxwv thiab cov yam ntxwv. Lawv tsuas yog siv thaum nws los txog rau kev thauj khoom los ntawm dej, thiab nruj me ntsis tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm kev xa khoom. Tus neeg muag khoom lub luag haujlwm raug tshem tawm tom qab cov khoom tuaj txog ntawm lub nkoj. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws dais tag nrho cov nqi ntawm export clearance. Tus neeg muag khoom kuj dais txhua tus nqi cuam tshuam nrog kev xa khoom mus rau qhov chaw nres nkoj. Tus neeg yuav khoom dais tag nrho cov nqi rau kev tshem tawm cov khoom hauv lub tebchaws ntawm ntshuam.