Txoj kev muaj kev vibration: kev faib tawm, hom thiab nws cov kev sib cuam tshuam

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Kev vibration ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev tsim vaj tsev, cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab kev vibrations, hnav cov cav tov yog ceev, lub sij hawm ntawm lawv cov kev kho yog txo, thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov cuab yeej ntsuas thiab cov cuab yeej tswj tau raug txo. Kev sib kis los ntawm cov hauv paus ruaj khov, kev co kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau lwm qhov, tsis yog qhov chaw tsim khoom, thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tu. Kev soj ntsuam ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv tsis zoo yog suav nrog hauv kev ntsuas kev huv thiab huv ntawm kev ua haujlwm.

tswvyim

Kev vibration tshwm sim los ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab kev co ntawm cov tshuab ua haujlwm, kev txav ntawm cov kua thiab lwm yam tsis sib xws. Kev nce qib ntawm kev vibration muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv, txo nws txoj kev ua haujlwm, thiab nrog kev cuam tshuam ntev ua rau cov kab mob ua haujlwm. Yog li ntawd, cov teeb meem ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua mechanical vibrations hauv kev huv huv yog qhov tseem ceeb.

Kev vibration tuaj yeem xa mus rau ib tus neeg ncaj qha los ntawm kev sib cuag nrog cov cuab yeej lossis cov cuab yeej,thiab indirectly - los ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm industrial thaj chaw. Cov kev cai rau kev tswj hwm qhov tsis zoo no thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig siab tshaj plaws tau teev tseg hauv ntau cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm (SN 2.2.4-2.1.8.566-96, SP 1102-73, GOST 12.1.012-2004, SanPiN 2.2. 4.3359-16 thiab lwm yam).

Views

Kev faib tawm ntawm kev vibration kev lag luam yog ua raws li ntau yam:

1. Los ntawm localization:

• General. Xws li kev vibration cuam tshuam rau lub paj hlwb, musculoskeletal, kab mob plawv, kab mob plab (mob hauv plab lossis hauv cheeb tsam epigastric). Nrog rau kev raug ncua ntev, kab mob vibration tuaj yeem tshwm sim - ib qho kev kho tsis tau.
• Local (hauv zos), kis mus rau cov ceg tawv ntawm tus neeg thaum so ntawm lub vibrating nto.

2. Los ntawm keeb kwm:

• Rau qhov hloov pauv hauv zos: los ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tes los yog tsis siv lub zog.
• Rau qhov kev vibration dav dav: Qeb I, II thiab III (pib hauv qab no).

3. Kev taw qhia hauv qhov chaw: X, Y, Z-oscillations. Qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws yog cov uas raug coj raws li lub cev ntawm lub cev.

4. Spectrum:

• Narrowband (theem ntawm kev vibrations ntawm ib feem peb ntawm ib qho octave los tswj yog 15 dB siab dua nyob rau hauv cov nyob sib ze seem ntawm tib qhov dav).
• Broadband (lawv cov spectrum yog txuas ntxiv rau ntau tshaj 1 octave).

5. Zaus:

• Tsawg zaus (<4 thiab <16 Hz rau kev vibrations dav dav thiab hauv zos raws li).
• Ntau zaus(<16 thiab <63 Hz); o high-frequency (<63 thiab <1000 Hz feem).

6. Los ntawm lub sijhawm:

• Permanent.
• Nyob rau lub sijhawm (hloov, sib cuam tshuam, impulsive).

Hom kev lag luam kev vibration

Kev vibrations los ntawm qhov chaw muab faib ua 3 hom:

1. Kev thauj mus los (cov tshuab xws li tsheb laij teb, tsheb thauj mus los, kev sib txuas, tsheb thauj khoom, cov daus daus feem ntau cuam tshuam rau lawv);
2. Kev thauj mus los thiab thev naus laus zis (tshwj xeeb thaum tsiv mus raws thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw muaj kev lag luam - excavators, cranes, pem teb filling tshuab rau kev thauj khoom nqi rau hauv qhov cub, dov Tshuag rau kev tsim kho thiab kho cov tsheb ciav hlau, pob zeb pavers thiab lwm yam khoom siv).
3. Technological, tshwm sim los ntawm cov khoom siv nyob ruaj ruaj (tshuab, xovxwm, twj, kiv cua, drilling, tshuaj lom neeg thiab petrochemical kev teeb tsa thiab lwm yam).

Ntse

Cov ntsuas tseem ceeb piav qhia ntau hom kev lag luam kev co yog cov hauv qab no:

• Lub voj voog ntau zaus (tus naj npawb ntawm oscillations ib ob). Thaum ntsuas kev vibrations, qhov kev vibration spectrum muab faib ua ntau zaus, rau txhua qhov kev siv zog kwv yees. Rau qhov no, octave lim yog siv, lub nominal bandwidth uas yog sib npaug rau ib octave.
• Amplitude (siab tshaj qhov sib txawv) ntawm kev vibration txav.
• Qhov siab tshaj lossis rms tus nqi ntawm kev vibration nrawm thiab nrawm.

khoom

Ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev co, raws li hom kev vibrations, suav nrog:

• nqaim-band - kev tsim tsheb, tsheb ciav hlau, tsheb laij teb, tsheb laij teb, tsheb laij teb, tsheb ciav hlau tsheb thiab locomotives;
• polyharmonic (hloov raws li kev cai lij choj raws sijhawm) - cov tshuab hlau thiab ntoo, lub tshuab hluav taws xob sab hauv, hydraulic turbines thiab generators, compressors, textile machines, vibroconveyors;
• random thiab polyharmonic - drilling tshuab, cranes, jackhammers thiab pob zeb xyaum, lub ntiaj teb thiab thee mining machines.

Kev vibration hauv zos yog tsim los ntawm cov cuab yeej xws li:

• rotary (sib tsoo thiab polishers, chainsaws);
• kev cuam tshuam lub ntsej muag;

percussive

• cuam tshuam teb (cov cuab yeej siv mining, xuas nrig ntaus);
• nias (txiav nrog ntau dua 500 strokes ib feeb).

Hlau chippers, riveters, fellers, grinders thiab lwm tus neeg ua haujlwm raug rau qhov kev vibration.

Yog vim li cas

Qhov ua rau muaj kev vibrations yog qhov tsis sib npaug ntawm kev quab yuam - reciprocating lossis tig; Kev sib cuam tshuam hauv cov iav, dov bearings, cav thiab compressor li qub, crank mechanisms. Mechanical vibrations kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv cov nroj tsuag neeg hlau thiab kab.

Raws li tus qauv tsim thiab thev naus laus zis,Kev vibration-ua rau muaj chaw lag luam, cov hauv qab no tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv:

• kev npaj tsis raug ntawm cov hauv paus thiab cov khoom siv hauv paus;
• kev nruj heev ntawm cov qauv (kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub platform ua haujlwm, rooj zaum, tswj thiab lwm yam);
• tsim cov khoom siv;
• thev naus laus zis yuam kev hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv (kev tsis sib haum ntawm kev sib hloov flywheels, shafts, yuam kev hauv kev tsim cov khoom);
• kev teeb tsa tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm qhov chaw;
• nce load lossis ceev thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm;
• teem sijhawm tiv thaiv cov khoom siv tsis tu ncua.

Nyob rau tib neeg lub cev

Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev lag luam kev co ntawm tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv yog complex:

• pob txha thiab kab mob - kab mob dystrophic ntawm tus txha nqaj qaum (osteochondrosis, spondylosis), txo pob txha ntom (osteoporosis);
• deterioration ntawm cellular thiab humoral tiv thaiv;
• kab mob plawv (angiospasm - nqaim ntawm cov hlab ntsha, cov hlab ntsha tsis zoo thiab cov nqaij noj zaub mov, kev loj hlob ntawm venous stasis);
• microtraumatization ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg;
• txo qis kev ua haujlwm ntawm antioxidant tiv thaiv enzymes;

Neuropathy.

Nrog rau lub sijhawm ntev hauv zos vibration, loog ntawm cov ntiv tes yog hnov, cov kab mob ntawm cov pob qij txha thiab neuroses ntawm extremities tsim. Kev vibration dav dav kuj cuam tshuam rau lub vestibular apparatus, gastrointestinal ib ntsuj av, kab mobkev hnov lus (txo qis hauv qhov pom kev pom thiab hnov lus) thiab lwm yam kab ke. Qhov teeb meem kev vibrations feem ntau yog cov uas nws zaus nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 3-30 Hz, vim lawv qhov tseem ceeb nyob ze rau tej yam ntuj tso kev co ntawm tib neeg lub cev (muaj ib tug resonance tshwm sim). Kev vibrations nrog lub zaus ntawm 6-9 Hz tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev.

Qhov hnyav ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab kev co yog nyob ntawm cov hauv qab no:

• spectral muaj pes tsawg leeg;
• direction;
• qhov chaw cuam tshuam;
• sijhawm.

Vibration mob

Qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev lag luam kev co ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob kev co. Nws yog kho tau tsuas yog nyob rau theem pib. Tom qab ntawd, yog tias qhov hloov pauv tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv lub cev hauv nruab nrog cev, nws tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm nws.

Raws li cov cim qhia, qhov pathology no tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tsos mob hauv qab no:

• kiv taub hau, mob taub hau, flashing " yoov" hauv ob lub qhov muag;
• mob pob qij txha, mob hnyav dua hmo;
• loog, chilliness, whiteness, o ntawm cov ntiv tes; hlawv, tingling nyob rau hauv lawv;
• npau suav phem;
• xav phem;
• txo qis hauv kev ua haujlwm.

Lwm cov cim tseem ceeb kuj yog:

• hypotension;
• ntau lub cev tsis ua haujlwm los ntawm cov ntshav tsis txaus (thaum lub sijhawm decompensation);
• txo qis lub plawv dhia;
• metabolic disorders (hypothyroidism thiab lwm yam pathologies);
• txo qisrhiab heev;
• angiodystonia;
• pathologies ntawm musculoskeletal system (myofibrosis, arthrosis) thiab lwm yam.

Rationing

Kev faib tawm ntawm kev vibration ntau lawm yog ua los txhawm rau tshem tawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev vibration kab mob hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm. Tswj tsis tau yog tswj los ntawm GOST 12.1.012-90, uas muaj cov ntxhuav nrog txwv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb.

Kev cai huv ntawm kev ua lag luam kev co ntawm hom dav dav thiab hauv zos yog normalized nyob ntawm qhov ntsuas geometric qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov zaus oscillation. Muaj ob peb chav kawm txaus ntshai uas tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob vibration tuaj yeem ua tau. Thawj qhov sib raug rau qib tsawg tshaj plaws (qhov ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws), uas tsis muaj kev sib cuag nrog kev vibration dav dav thiab hauv zos.

Kev ntsuas huv thiab huv los tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo los ntawm kev vibrations muaj xws li ntawv pov thawj ntawm chaw ua haujlwm, kev saib xyuas ua ntej thiab tam sim no, tswj kev siv cov khoom tiv thaiv tus kheej (cov hnab looj tes tiv thaiv kev co, khau).

Methods

Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los ntsuas kev vibration:

• zaus - qhov kev vibration spectrum yog ntsuas (qhov nruab nrab square qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev vibration tshaj tawm thiab acceleration yog xam nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov zaus bands los yog 1/3 ntawm qhov ntau);
• tag nrho (ib qho) kwv yees los ntawm zaus (hloov tus nqi ntawm kev vibration nrawm thiab nrawm lossis lawv cov ntsuas logarithmic);

ib txwm, suav nrog lub sijhawm ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev vibration los ntawm tus nqi sib npaug

Qhov hnyav tau raug xaiv raws li cov lus pom zoo ntawm CH 2.2.4 / 2.1.8.566-96.

Instruments

Kev ntsuas ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab kev co hauv kev ua haujlwm yog ua los ntawm kev siv cov cuab yeej hauv qab no:

• vibrometers (IShV-1, Assistant, VShV-003, qauv los ntawm Brüel & Kjær thiab lwm yam);
• hnyav thiab bandpass lim;
• vibration sensors (DN series tsim los ntawm Vibropribor, Brüel & Kjær thiab lwm yam);
• suab qib ntsuas (kom pom cov qib sib npaug hauv cov kab ntau zaus);
• level recorders;
• magnetographs rau sau cov vibrations txhawm rau ua qhov kev soj ntsuam zaus, xam qib sib npaug.

Cov ntsiab lus ntsuas raug xaiv rau ntawm qhov chaw sib cuag nrog tib neeg lub cev. Yog tias qhov chaw ua haujlwm tsis ruaj khov, tom qab ntawd kev tswj hwm yog nqa tawm tsawg kawg 3 lub ntsiab lus nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws kev co. Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov kev vibration dav dav, cov cuab yeej siv nrog qhov siab dua yog xaiv. Vibration sensors tau teeb tsa hauv peb lub dav hlau sib koom ua ke.