Hom kev hloov hluav taws xob: cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hloov pauv
Hom kev hloov hluav taws xob: cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hloov pauv

Video: Hom kev hloov hluav taws xob: cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hloov pauv

Video: Hom kev hloov hluav taws xob: cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hloov pauv
Video: Nraug txuj kev hlub 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Txhua yam khoom siv lub cev muaj tus yam ntxwv xws li cua sov, uas tuaj yeem nce thiab txo qis. Thaum tshav kub kub tsis yog cov khoom siv: raws li ib feem ntawm lub zog sab hauv ntawm ib yam khoom, nws tshwm sim los ntawm kev txav thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov molecules. Txij li thaum tshav kub ntawm cov khoom sib txawv yuav txawv, muaj cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov cov cua sov los ntawm cov khoom kub kub mus rau cov khoom uas muaj cua sov tsawg. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua cua sov hloov. Peb yuav txiav txim siab txog hom kev hloov hluav taws xob tseem ceeb thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv qhov kev ua hauv kab lus no.

Kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev hloov pauv cua sov

Kub hloov, lossis cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv kub, tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv cov teeb meem thiab los ntawm ib yam khoom mus rau lwm qhov. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov kev siv hluav taws xob hloov pauv ntau nyob ntawm lub cev muaj zog ntawm cov teeb meem, qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov khoom (yog tias muaj ntau yam khoom koom nrog kev hloov hluav taws xob) thiab cov cai ntawm physics. Thaum tshav kub kub hloov lwm lub tsev yog ib tug txheej txheem uas ib txwm mus unilaterally. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov cua sov yog tias lub cev kub tshaj plaws ib txwm muab tawm cua sov rau ib qho khoom uas muaj qhov kub thiab txias. Piv txwv li, thaum ironing khaub ncaws, ib tug kub hlaumuab warmth rau lub ris, thiab tsis vice versa. Thaum tshav kub kub hloov yog lub sij hawm-dependent tshwm sim uas characterizes lub irreversible faib ntawm tshav kub nyob rau hauv qhov chaw.

Kub hloov pauv mechanisms

Mechanisms ntawm thermal kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom tuaj yeem ua ntau hom. Muaj peb hom kev hloov hluav taws xob hauv qhov xwm txheej:

  1. Thermal conductivity yog ib qho txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob los ntawm ib feem ntawm lub cev mus rau lwm qhov lossis mus rau lwm yam khoom. Cov cuab yeej yog raws li qhov tsis sib xws ntawm qhov kub thiab txias hauv cov khoom hauv qab kev txiav txim siab.
  2. Convection - tshav kub pauv ntawm cov kua dej (kua, cua).
  3. Radiation kev txiav txim yog kev hloov ntawm cov cua sov los ntawm cov cua sov thiab cov cua sov lub cev (qhov chaw) vim lawv lub zog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm electromagnetic nthwv dej nrog ib tug tas li spectrum.

Cia peb xav txog cov npe ntawm kev hloov pauv cua sov kom ntxaws ntxiv.

Thermal conductivity

Feem ntau, thermal conductivity yog pom nyob rau hauv cov khoom. Yog tias, nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm ib qho xwm txheej, thaj chaw uas muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias tshwm sim hauv tib yam khoom, ces thermal zog los ntawm qhov chaw kub yuav dhau mus rau qhov txias. Qee qhov xwm txheej, qhov tshwm sim no tuaj yeem pom pom pom. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias peb muab ib tug hlau pas nrig, hais tias, ib rab koob, thiab cua sov nws nyob rau hauv hluav taws, ces tom qab ib co sij hawm peb yuav pom yuav ua li cas thermal zog yog kis los ntawm lub koob, tsim ib tug ci nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw uas qhov kub thiab txias, lub ci ci yog ci thiab, conversely, qhov twg t yog qis dua, nws yog tsaus. Kev ntsuas kub kuj tseem tuaj yeem pom ntawm ob lub cev (ib khob ntawm cov tshuaj yej kub thiab ib txhais tes)

hom kev hloov cua sov
hom kev hloov cua sov

Qhov kev siv ntawm cov cua kub hloov pauv yog nyob ntawm ntau yam, qhov piv ntawm uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm Fab Kis tus lej Fourier. Cov xwm txheej no feem ntau suav nrog qhov ntsuas kub ntawm qhov ntsuas kub (qhov sib piv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub ntawm qhov kawg ntawm tus pas nrig mus rau qhov deb ntawm ib kawg mus rau lwm qhov), qhov chaw hla ntawm lub cev, thiab thermal conductivity coefficient (nws txawv rau txhua yam khoom, tab sis qhov siab tshaj plaws yog pom nyob rau hauv cov hlau). Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj coefficient ntawm thermal conductivity yog pom nyob rau hauv tooj liab thiab txhuas. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias ob cov hlau no tau siv ntau dua hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Ua raws li txoj cai Fourier, cov cua kub tuaj yeem nce lossis txo los ntawm kev hloov ib qho ntawm cov kev txwv no.

Convection hom kev hloov hluav taws xob

Convection, uas yog yam ntxwv ntawm cov pa roj thiab cov kua dej, muaj ob yam: intermolecular thermal conductivity thiab txav (kev faib tawm) ntawm nruab nrab. Lub mechanism ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm convection tshwm sim raws li nram no: nrog rau ib tug nce nyob rau hauv lub kub ntawm ib tug kua tshuaj, nws cov molecules pib txav mus rau active, thiab nyob rau hauv tsis muaj kev txwv spatial, lub ntim ntawm cov khoom nce. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem no yuav yog qhov txo qis ntawm qhov ntom ntawm cov khoom thiab nws qhov kev txav mus los. Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm convection yog qhov txav ntawm huab cua los ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob los ntawm lub roj teeb mus rau lub qab nthab.

hom tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov cua sov
hom tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov cua sov

Txhais qhov txawv ntawm qhov pub dawb thiab yuam kev hloov pauv cua sov. Thaum tshav kub kub hloov mus thiab loj txav nyob rau hauv cov dawb hom tshwm sim vim lub heterogeneity ntawm cov khoom, uas yog, cov kua kub nce saum toj no lub ntuj txias.txoj kev tsis raug cuam tshuam los ntawm sab nraud quab yuam (xws li cua sov chav nrog cua sov hauv nruab nrab). Nrog rau kev quab yuam convection, lub zog ntawm pawg tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm sab nraud quab yuam, piv txwv li, stirring tshuaj yej nrog ib diav.

hom kev hloov pauv cua sov
hom kev hloov pauv cua sov

Radiant tshav kub hloov

Radiant lossis hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob tuaj yeem tshwm sim yam tsis muaj kev sib cuag nrog lwm yam khoom lossis khoom siv, yog li nws muaj peev xwm txawm tias nyob hauv qhov chaw tsis muaj cua (lub tshuab nqus tsev). Radiative tshav kub hloov yog muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho lub cev mus rau ib tug ntau dua los yog tsawg npaum li cas thiab manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm electromagnetic tsis muaj ib tug nruam spectrum. Ib qho piv txwv tseem ceeb ntawm qhov no yog lub hnub. Lub mechanism ntawm kev txiav txim yog raws li nram no: lub cev tsis tu ncua radiates ib tug npaum li cas ntawm tshav kub rau hauv qhov chaw nyob ib ncig ntawm nws. Thaum lub zog no tsoo lwm yam khoom lossis khoom siv, ib feem ntawm nws tau nqus, qhov thib ob dhau mus, thiab qhov thib peb yog rov qab mus rau ib puag ncig. Txhua yam khoom tuaj yeem ua kom sov thiab nqus tau, thaum cov khoom tsaus nti tuaj yeem nqus tau cua sov ntau dua li lub teeb.

peb hom kev hloov hluav taws xob
peb hom kev hloov hluav taws xob

Combined heat transfer mechanisms

Hauv qhov xwm txheej, hom kev hloov pauv cua sov tsis tshua pom muaj cais. Ntau zaus lawv tuaj yeem pom ua ke. Hauv cov thermodynamics, cov kev sib txuas no txawm muaj npe, piv txwv li, thermal conductivity + convection yog convective heat transfer, thiab thermal conductivity + thermal radiation hu ua radiative-conductive heat transfer. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj xws li kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev hloov hluav taws xob xws li:

  • Kub dissipation -lub zog ntawm thermal zog ntawm cov roj los yog kua thiab cov khoom.
  • Kub hloov pauv yog hloov ntawm t ntawm ib qho teeb meem mus rau lwm qhov los ntawm kev cuam tshuam txhua yam.
  • Convective-radiant tshav kub hloov yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas convection thiab thermal tawg.

Hom hloov pauv cua sov hauv qhov xwm txheej (piv txwv)

Kub hloov hauv qhov xwm txheej ua lub luag haujlwm loj thiab tsis txwv rau qhov cua sov ntawm lub ntiaj teb los ntawm lub hnub rays. Cov dej ntws dav dav, xws li kev txav ntawm huab cua huab cua, feem ntau txiav txim siab huab cua thoob plaws hauv peb lub ntiaj teb.

hom hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob
hom hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob

Lub thermal conductivity ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub hauv paus ua rau cov tsos ntawm geysers thiab tawg ntawm pob zeb volcanic. Cov no tsuas yog qee qhov piv txwv ntawm kev hloov hluav taws xob hauv ntiaj teb. Ua ke, lawv tsim cov hom hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob thiab cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob tsim nyog los txhawb nqa lub neej hauv peb lub ntiaj teb.

Kev siv hluav taws xob hloov pauv hauv cov dej num anthropological

Kub yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj hais tias hom kev sib hloov cua sov yog siv los ntawm cov txiv neej feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Tej zaum tag nrho peb tib lub sijhawm. Cov txheej txheem hloov hluav taws xob yog siv los ua cov hlau, ua cov khoom loj xws li cov khoom siv niaj hnub mus rau lub dav hlau.

hom convective tshav kub hloov
hom convective tshav kub hloov

Qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev vam meej yog cov thermal units uas muaj peev xwm hloov thermal zog rau hauv lub zog muaj txiaj ntsig. Ntawmlawv tuaj yeem hu ua roj av, diesel, compressor, turbine units. Rau lawv txoj haujlwm, lawv siv ntau hom kev hloov hluav taws xob.

Pom zoo: