2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28
Kev tsim kho kev lag luam thiab qib siab ntawm lub teb chaws kev lag luam yog qhov tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau kev nplua nuj thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm nws cov neeg. Lub xeev zoo li no muaj kev lag luam zoo thiab muaj peev xwm. Kev tsim khoom yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam ntawm ntau lub teb chaws.
Yuav ua li cas niaj hnub no?
Nws yog ib hom kev tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom muag tsis pom kev thiab tsis pom kev raws li kev thov ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Kev hloov pauv hnyav hauv kev tsim khoom ib txwm muaj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-90s, thaum kev lag luam pib siv kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev tsim kho ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv ntiaj teb ntawm xyoo pua 20th. Txhua qhov chaw ntawm kev tsim khoom niaj hnub yog nyob ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab cov ntaub ntawv.
qauv tsim khoom niaj hnub
Kev tsim khoom niaj hnub muab faib ua ob hom kev ua:
- Cov khoom siv, uas suav nrog cov kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws uas tsim cov khoom siv: kev ua liaj ua teb, kev lag luam, kev tsim kho thiabetc.
- Cov kev pabcuam, uas, dhau los, muab faib ua ob hom:
- cov kev pabcuam khoom siv yog txhawm rau ua kom tau raws li lub cev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, txuas ntxiv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, muab cov xwm txheej tsim nyog rau kev ua lag luam. Cov no suav nrog kev tsim khoom noj, kev thauj mus los, kev sib txuas lus, kev lag luam, kev cia khoom, kev ncig xyuas, kev saib xyuas cov txheej txheem ntawm kev lag luam, vaj tse thiab cov neeg siv khoom siv;
- cov kev pabcuam tsis muaj peev xwm - kev ua ncaj qha rau tus neeg thiab nws ib puag ncig. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev pabcuam zoo li no tsis ua raws li lub hom phiaj. Cov no suav nrog kev tuav pov hwm, kev pabcuam kev noj qab haus huv, kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv, kev ua haujlwm tshawb fawb, kev pabcuam ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab kev txawj ntse, kev tos txais qhua hauv tsev noj mov thiab tsev so, kev ua si lom zem, kev kawm thiab kev sab laj.
Cov qauv ntawm kev tsim khoom niaj hnub no yog vim kev txhim kho sai hauv xyoo tas los no ntawm ntau yam kev pabcuam thiab cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis.
Txoj kev tsim khoom niaj hnub
Kev tsim khoom niaj hnub yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
- nce qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev pabcuam hauv cov txheej txheem ntau lawm;
- lub peev xwm los ua kom txaus siab tsis yog tsuas yog cov kev xav tau tiag tiag ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, tab sis kuj yog nws cov kev xav tau;
- txhim kho cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis uas cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem tsim khoom;
- kev lag luam ntawm ntau lub tebchaws nyob ntawm thaj chaw tsis muaj chaw nyob: kab lis kev cai thiab kos duab.
Factorsniaj hnub production
- Cov neeg ua haujlwm - ib lub tuam txhab siv cov neeg ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb los tsim cov txiaj ntsig lossis hloov cov khoom siv ntuj tsim kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm tib neeg.
- Txoj kev ua haujlwm yog txhua yam khoom siv, nrog kev pab ntawm cov khoom thiab cov kev pabcuam tsim nyog rau noob neej tsim. Cov no suav nrog cov tshuab (tshuab, cuab yeej, khoom siv, ntau yam khoom siv thiab cov cuab yeej), cov peev txheej ntuj (piv txwv li, dej ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob). Ua tsaug rau txoj kev ua haujlwm, kev nplua nuj ntuj hloov pauv mus rau cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig thiab txiaj ntsig.
- Cov khoom ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog cov khoom lossis kev sib xyaw ua ke uas tib neeg siv los ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau. Lawv muab faib ua tej yam ntuj tso uas tsis tau hloov kho (coal seam), thiab raw cov ntaub ntawv uas tau undergone ib co ua (ntxuav ore).
- Cov ntaub ntawv - nyob rau lub sijhawm tsis ntev los no, nws ua lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Txawm hais tias lub tuam txhab muaj thawj peb yam, yam tsis muaj ntaub ntawv nws yuav raug kaw.
Tsev tsim khoom
Kev tsim cov thev naus laus zis ntawm kev lag luam yog cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb thiab kev paub uas siv los tsim cov khoom tsim nyog. Kev siv thev naus laus zis yuav tsum tau ua nrog cov ntaub ntawv piav qhia txhua yam kev xav tau, cov xwm txheej thiab cov qauv zoo uas lub tuam txhab tau coj los ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom.
Ib lub tuam txhab tsim khoom siv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tswv yim uas tsim cov thev naus laus ziscov lag luam. Piv txwv li, tus tswv ntawm lub khw muag khoom qab zib siv cov neeg ua haujlwm ntiav neeg ua mov ci, cov khoom siv raw hauv cov hmoov nplej, qab zib, ntau yam khoom ntxiv, thiab peev - cov khoom siv, qhov cub, ntau yam khoom siv rau kev tsim cov khob cij, pies thiab confectionery.
Ntawm thev naus laus zis tau nce zuj zus, thiab lub tuam txhab tuaj yeem hloov kho qee yam rau nws txhawm rau nce ntim ntawm cov khoom tiav nrog cov txheej txheem ntau lawm. Yog li, tus tswv suav cov txiaj ntsig zoo dua: cov txheej txheem kev siv zog siv zog los yog siv cov cuab yeej siv peev nyiaj ntau.
Cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub ua si lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Vim li no, lub ntiaj teb no nquag tshaj tawm thiab sib pauv kev paub txog kev paub-yuav ua li cas. Yog li, cov kws tshawb fawb nyiaj txiag tau sau cov ntaub ntawv raws li qhov tshwj xeeb tshiab hauv kev tsim khoom niaj hnub no.
Cov ntaub ntawv yog tus yuam sij rau kev vam meej
Cov ntaub ntawv yog ib txheej ntawm kev paub tshwj xeeb thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Tag nrho cov spheres ntawm kev tsim khoom niaj hnub no feem ntau nyob ntawm nws. Cov ntaub ntawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, muab kev tswj hwm ntawm cov cuab yeej siv, lub koom haum ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab nws cov kev tswj hwm, muaj peev xwm hloov pauv sai sai, kev tshaj tawm tam sim ntawm cov tswv yim thiab thev naus laus zis, thiab txhim kho kev txawj ntse thiab kev paub ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev paub hauv txhua qhov chaw tau loj hlob txhua hnub. Economists tau hais tawm qhov kev sib txawv no raws li cov txheej txheem cais, uas lawv hu ua cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv. Nws yog nws uas ua rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov teb chaws tsim kho los ntawm kev lag luam hauv zej zog rau cov ntaub ntawv ib.
Tim khoom niaj hnub
Lub xyoo pua 21st yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ntau yam kev lag luam. Cov tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws sib tw rau kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm kev lag luam niches, tsim cov khoom lag luam thiab kev pabcuam yav dhau los tsis paub.
Nws nyuaj heev rau sau txhua hom kev tsim khoom uas muaj nyob niaj hnub no. Tab sis txhua tus ntawm lawv, nyob ntawm seb qhov kev ua si, tau muab tso rau hauv cov pab pawg xws li:
- khoom noj khoom haus.
- Kev tsim kho.
- Kev tsim khoom ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.
- Recycling.
- Kev tsim cov khoom siv hauv tsev.
- Kev tsim cov khoom siv rau kev lag luam.
- tshuaj lom neeg.
Nyob rau hauv txhua lub teb chaws, kev txhim kho ntawm cov sectors ntawm kev lag luam yuav txawv thiab nyob ntawm qhov muaj cov khoom tsim nyog thiab cov peev txheej tsim khoom.
Kev tsim khoom niaj hnub
Kev koom ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yog kev sib xyaw ntawm txhua cov txheej txheem thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim khoom, ua kom lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam, tsim cov xwm txheej rau kev siv cov hom phiaj ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm.
Vim kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis sai thiab txhim kho cov haujlwm tshiab, lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom tau hloov pauv ntau.
Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm kev lag luam hauv zej zog, kev tsim khoom lag luam tau suav tias yog ceg tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam hauv tebchaws. Nws yog raws li kev tsim khoom loj, uas tau poob hauv keeb kwm raws li Fordism - sawv cev ntawm Henry Ford,leej twg thawj zaug siv hom kev koom tes hauv nws lub Hoobkas tsheb. Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom loj thaum lub sijhawm ntawd yog:
- rationalization - kev sib raug zoo ntawm txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm rau hauv kev ua haujlwm yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov kab ke uas yuav ua rau kev tsim khoom sai tshaj plaws;
- qauv ntawm cov khoom thiab cov txheej txheem - txo ntau yam kev ua haujlwm kom txo tau lub sijhawm;
- txuas txuas txuas txuas ntxiv - nce ntim ntawm cov khoom tsim thiab txo nws cov nqi.
Yog li, kev tsim khoom loj tau muab kev ua haujlwm loj zuj zus ntxiv thiab txuag nyiaj ntau hauv cov peev txheej.
Txawm li cas los xij, yav tom ntej, tib neeg tau ntsib thawj qhov teeb meem ntawm lub koom haum zoo li no. Kev tsim khoom loj ntawm cov khoom tau dhau los ua lag luam nrog tib hom khoom, thiab cov neeg siv khoom xav tau nce hloov mus rau cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Qhov kev xav tau ntawm tus kheej no yuam kom cov tuam txhab lag luam feem ntau hloov txoj kev tsim khoom thiab pib siv cov cuab yeej siv ntau lub hom phiaj nrog kev tswj hwm, uas tseem siv niaj hnub no.
Kev nthuav qhia dav dav ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom niaj hnub. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, cov khoom ntim tseem tuaj yeem loj, tab sis cov khoom muaj ntau hom kev sib txawv.
Teeb meem ntawm kev tsim khoom niaj hnub
In modernHauv kev tsim kev lag luam, kev tsim khoom lag luam ntsib cov teeb meem tseem ceeb:
- Txhua yam kev tsim khoom yuav tsum muaj kev hloov kho tshiab tas li. Txhawm rau kom cov haujlwm ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua kom muaj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tsim khoom, nce kev sib tw, thiab nthuav dav kev lag luam rau cov khoom. Txhawm rau siv cov haujlwm no, kev siv thev naus laus zis tshiab yuav tsum tau siv.
- Tsis muaj nyiaj txiag thiab cov khoom siv thiab kev tsim kho. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, cov tuam txhab tsis muaj lub sijhawm los tsim kho, qhia txog cov thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab kev tsim kho tshiab, thiab paub txog qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim khoom.
- Tsis txaus tsim kev tshawb fawb ua haujlwm hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam. Qhov teeb meem no cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau lub xeev ntawm kev lag luam tag nrho. Kev paub tsis meej, tsis muaj kev txhim kho thiab kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub ua rau kev ua haujlwm qeeb zuj zus thiab txo qis kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom lag luam.
- Kev tsis zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev lag luam, uas ua rau muaj kev tawm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog. Qhov tsis muaj cov kws tshaj lij muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam.
Cov teeb meem no tuaj yeem daws tau los ntawm kev nqis peev hauv cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no. Ua li no, koj tuaj yeem siv cov peev txheej sab hauv ntawm lub tuam txhab lossis nyiam nyiaj txiag los ntawm sab nraud.
Ntaus khoom thiab ecology
Production muaj ntau yam ua nrog xwm. Kev lag luam niaj hnub siv cov khoom siv ntuj tsim hauv cov khoom loj. Yog li ntawd, qhov xwm txheej yog depleted, tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv yog deterioration, lawv tej yam kev mobmuaj nyob. Qhov teeb meem no yog qhov ceev heev uas tsoomfwv ntawm txhua lub tebchaws tau teeb tsa lawv tus kheej txoj haujlwm khaws cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib puag ncig yam tsis tau poob.
Qhov kev txiav txim siab no tau hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov lag luam niaj hnub no. Lawv raug yuam kom hloov mus rau cov khoom siv pov tseg thiab txuag cov cuab yeej, siv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv thiab ntxuav, ua cov kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tshawb fawb txog kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig.
Pom zoo:
Tus nqi lus pom zoo: lub tswv yim, qauv, qauv qauv, kev tsim, kev loj hlob nrog cov qauv thiab cov lus qhia kws tshaj lij
Txawm hais tias cov khoom lossis cov kev pabcuam tsim tawm, yeej ib txwm muaj kev sib tw ntawm cov tuam txhab. Dab tsi ua rau tus neeg siv khoom xaiv ib lub tuam txhab ntawm ntau qhov sib xws? Cov lus teb yog nyob rau hauv qhov zoo tshaj plaws tus nqi proposition. Cov neeg lag luam siv nws los qhia tias vim li cas qhov kev lag luam tshwj xeeb no zoo dua li cov neeg sib tw. Lawv kuj sim nyiam cov neeg siv khoom ntau dua rau lawv lub tuam txhab
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Txhua tus neeg yuav tsum muaj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau kev nrhiav tau vaj tse. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj tseeb nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas ib tug tsev apartment yog muas nrog txhaum cai redevelopment rau hauv ib lub tsev, vim hais tias tom qab kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus, koj yuav yog tus tswv ntawm cov khoom thiab tag nrho cov luag hauj lwm yuav poob rau koj
"Renault": chaw tsim khoom, keeb kwm thiab hnub tsim, kev tswj hwm, lub teb chaws, kev tsom xam, theem ntawm kev txhim kho, kev taw qhia txog cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub thiab lub tsheb zoo
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Vitamin cog hauv Ufa: keeb kwm thiab hnub tsim, kev tswj hwm, chaw nyob, kev tsom xam, theem ntawm kev txhim kho, kev taw qhia txog cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub thiab cov khoom lag luam zoo
Lub neej ntawm ib tug neeg niaj hnub no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw tsis zoo nyob hauv ib puag ncig, nrog rau kev txawj ntse thiab kev xav ntau dhau. Koj ua tsis tau yam tsis noj cov vitamins thiab minerals txawm nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov. Cov khoom no yuav tsom mus rau ib qho ntawm cov tuam txhab qub tshaj plaws hauv Ufa, uas koom nrog kev tsim cov khoom siv tau zoo