Ib yam khoom yog Nqe lus piav qhia, chav kawm, yam ntxwv
Ib yam khoom yog Nqe lus piav qhia, chav kawm, yam ntxwv

Video: Ib yam khoom yog Nqe lus piav qhia, chav kawm, yam ntxwv

Video: Ib yam khoom yog Nqe lus piav qhia, chav kawm, yam ntxwv
Video: Hmong New Song 2019 Xy Lee feat. SuabNag Yaj - Koj Yog Kuv Lub Neej (Official MV - 4K) 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Hnub no, kev ua lag luam ntawm kev sib pauv khoom lag luam yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv tsawg, vim tsis yog txhua tus ntawm lawv tau tsim los rau qhov no. Raws li txoj cai lij choj ntawm Lavxias Federation, ib qho kev sib pauv khoom lag luam yog ib qho uas tsis tau tawm ntawm kev ncig, muaj qee yam zoo thiab raug tso cai rau kev lag luam los ntawm kev sib pauv. Wb tham txog lub tswv yim nyuaj hnub no.

Sib pauv yuav tsum

Nws tau tshwm sim tias txhua qhov kev pauv pauv ntawm nws tus kheej txiav txim siab yam khoom twg yuav nkag mus rau kev lag luam pauv ntawm nws lub platform. Txhua xyoo cov khoom lag luam hloov pauv, tsuas yog qee qhov yuav tsum tau hloov pauv:

  1. Kev ua raws cai. Kev pauv pauv txawm tias cov khoom tshaj tawm tsis muaj. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej qhov siab tshaj plaws standardization, uas yog, tag nrho cov khoom yuav tsum muaj qhov tshaj tawm theem ntawm kev ua tau zoo, nkag mus rau hauv kev sib pauv nyob rau hauv lub siab tshaj plaws kom muaj nuj nqis, muaj zoo tib yam cia thiab tsheb thauj mus los tej yam kev mob thiab daim ntawv cog lus nrog rau lwm yam khoom.
  2. Kev hloov pauv tau. Kev sib pauv khoom lag luam yog ib qho uas tuaj yeem hloov tau los ntawm lwm qhov zoo sib xws hauv kev sib xyaw, zoo thiab zoo li, thiablabeling thiab batch kom muaj nuj nqis. Yooj yim muab, cov khoom tuaj yeem raug depersonalized yog tias tsim nyog.
  3. Mass character. Txij li thaum muaj ntau tus neeg muag khoom thiab cov neeg yuav khoom ntawm kev sib pauv tib lub sijhawm, qhov no ua rau nws tuaj yeem muag cov khoom lag luam ntau thiab tsim kom raug cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev thov, uas yuav cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov nqi lag luam.
  4. Tus nqi pub dawb. Cov nqi khoom lag luam yuav tsum tau teeb tsa ywj pheej hauv kev teb rau kev thov, khoom siv thiab lwm yam kev lag luam.

Tej zaum cov no yog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom lag luam tsim los ntawm kev lag luam platforms.

khoom no yog dab tsi?

Cov khoom lag luam yog cov khoom lag luam uas yog cov khoom lag luam pauv pauv thiab ua tau raws li nws qhov yuav tsum tau ua. Hauv kev xyaum hauv ntiaj teb, muaj peb yam tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib pauv txoj haujlwm: nyiaj txawv teb chaws; kev ruaj ntseg; cov khoom siv; Tshuag nqi indices thiab paj paj ntawm tsoom fwv daim ntawv cog lus.

Hom khoom
Hom khoom

Cov khoom uas muaj qib qis ntawm peev txheej ntawm kev tsim khoom lossis kev siv feem ntau yuav nyob twj ywm ntawm kev sib pauv pauv. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws muaj peev xwm pauv tau cov khoom lag luam monopolized heev ntawm kev sib pauv yog tias muaj qhov qhib kev lag luam thiab cov koom tsis koom nrog hauv kev lag luam.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, muaj txog 200 yam khoom ntawm kev sib pauv, tab sis nyob rau xyoo tom ntej lawv cov lej poob qis heev. Yav dhau los, cov khoom lag luam loj tau xav tias yog ferrous hlau, thee, thiab lwm yam khoom lag luam uas tsis tau pauv hnub no. Twb nyob rau hauvNyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom sib pauv poob mus rau tsib caug, thiab nws xyaum tsis hloov. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus naj npawb ntawm cov lag luam yav tom ntej tau pib nthuav dav. Cov no yog cov platforms uas muag cov khoom ntawm ib qho zoo, yog li ob peb lub neej yav tom ntej tuaj yeem tsim rau ib yam khoom.

Nomenclature

Kev lig kev cai, kev sib pauv khoom lag luam yog cov khoom lag luam ntawm ob pawg loj:

  1. Agricultural thiab hav zoov cov khoom, nrog rau cov khoom uas tau txais tom qab lawv ua. Cov khoom no suav nrog cereals, oilseeds, tsiaj cov khoom, khoom noj qab zib, textiles, hav zoov khoom, roj hmab.
  2. Industrial raw khoom thiab semi-tiav khoom. Hom kev pauv khoom no suav nrog cov hlau tsis muaj hlau thiab muaj txiaj ntsig, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.

Tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom lag luam los ntawm thawj pab pawg tau poob qis txij li xyoo 1980s. Txawm li cas los xij, tau muaj kev nce siab hauv xyoo tas los no. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev lag luam khoom lag luam. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb, ntau yam hloov pauv rau qee yam khoom ntawm kev sib pauv tau tshwm sim. Kev sib tw ntawm lawv pab kom ruaj khov tus nqi thiab txo cov kev pauv pauv. Tsis tas li ntawd, NTP tau pab txhawb rau kev nce hauv cov khoom ntawm qeb thib ob ntawm kev sib pauv.

Ntau yam tshiab

Lub tswv yim ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no tau nthuav dav heev. Niaj hnub no, xws li ib pawg ntawm cov khoom lag luam xws li cov cuab yeej nyiaj txiag feem ntau ntsib. Cov neeg lag luam hauv cov nqi ntsuas, cov paj laum hauv txhab nyiaj, qiv tsev, cov nyiaj thiab cov ntawv cog lus. Xws likev ua haujlwm tau ua thawj zaug hauv 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem.

Sib pauv quotation ntawm cov khoom
Sib pauv quotation ntawm cov khoom

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam yav tom ntej tau cuam tshuam zoo los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev lag luam hauv ntiaj teb hauv xyoo 70s, thaum cov nqi pauv ntawm cov nyiaj thiab cov euro pib hloov pauv. Thawj daim ntawv cog lus yav tom ntej tau xaus rau daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm National Pledge Association thiab cov nyiaj txawv teb chaws. Txhawm rau tsim cov ntawv cog lus zoo li no, nws siv sijhawm li tsib xyoos ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav. Kev lag luam yav tom ntej maj mam nthuav dav thiab pib npog ntau thiab ntau hom kev pab nyiaj txiag. Nyob rau tib lub 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, lawv thawj zaug pib ua lag luam kev xaiv. Xyoo 1973, lub ntiaj teb thawj Chicago Board Options Exchange tau qhib hauv Tebchaws Meskas.

Cov ntawv cog lus khoom lag luam tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib pauv khoom lag luam mus txog thaum kawg ntawm 70s. Tom qab ntawd, qhov sib faib ntawm cov nyiaj txiag yav tom ntej thiab cov ntawv cog lus xaiv tau pib nce. Cov khoom siv roj, cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig thiab cov hlau tsis muaj hlau pib los tuav ib qho chaw tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom sib pauv ntawm cov khoom sib pauv. Qib ntawm kev lag luam yav tom ntej rau cov khoom ua liaj ua teb tau nce.

thawj khoom thiab deals

Thaum kev sib pauv pib tshwm sim, kua txob tau nyob rau saum cov npe ntawm cov khoom muag. Nws, zoo li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lwm cov txuj lom, yog homogeneous, yog li ntawd, raws li ib qho piv txwv me me, nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau ib qho kev xav txog tag nrho cov batch tag nrho.

Khoom yam ntxwv
Khoom yam ntxwv

Hnub no, kwv yees li 70 hom khoom muag tau yuav thiab muag. Kev pauv pauv tau muab cais raws li cov txheej txheem sib txawv. Nyob ntawmkev sib pauv, tib neeg tuaj yeem yuav ob qho tib si ntawm lub neej tiag tiag cov khoom thiab cov ntawv cog lus uas muab txoj cai rau tus kheej ib yam dab tsi. Raws li qhov kos npe no, ob hom kev lag luam tseem ceeb tau txiav txim siab:

  • Deals nrog cov khoom tiag.
  • Deals tsis khoom.

Nws yog kev lag luam nrog cov khoom tiag uas tau tsim lub hauv paus rau kev tsim kev sib pauv. Txog niaj hnub no, cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb yog: kev nyab xeeb, txiaj, hlau, roj, roj thiab khoom ua liaj ua teb.

Securities

Kev nyab xeeb yog ib yam khoom tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem yuav ntawm khw muag khoom lag luam xwb. Qhov no yog ib daim ntawv ntawm ib daim ntawv, uas lees paub cov cai ntawm cov khoom. Hauv kev txiav txim siab dav dav, txhua daim ntawv uas tuaj yeem yuav lossis muag ntawm tus nqi tsim nyog tuaj yeem hu ua kev ruaj ntseg. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, indulgences raug muag, thiab raws li peb lub sij hawm, "MMM daim pib" yuav yog ib qho piv txwv zoo. Niaj hnub no nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom muab lub ntsiab lus tseeb ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm "kev ruaj ntseg", yog li ntawd, hauv txoj cai lij choj, nws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tsuas yog kho:

  • faib nyiaj peev ntawm cov nyiaj txiag ntu, lub tebchaws, thaj chaw, tuam txhab, pab pawg neeg, thiab lwm yam.
  • Muab cov cai ntxiv rau tus tswv, piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem koom nrog kev tswj hwm lub tuam txhab, tus kheej cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, thiab lwm yam.
  • Kev ruaj ntseg lav qhov rov qab los ntawm peev lossis rov qab peev nws tus kheej.
Cov khoom muaj
Cov khoom muaj

Kev nyab xeeb muab lub sijhawm kom tau nyiajnyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev: nws tuaj yeem muag, siv los ua khoom lag luam, pub dawb, tau txais txiaj ntsig, thiab lwm yam. Raws li kev sib pauv khoom, cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob chav loj:

  1. Kev nyab xeeb tseem ceeb lossis thawj qhov kev nyab xeeb. Cov pawg no feem ntau suav nrog cov khoom lag luam, cov ntawv cog lus, cov nqi them nqi, cov nqi tsev thiab cov ntawv txais nyiaj tso nyiaj.
  2. Derivative securities - cov ntawv cog lus yav tom ntej, kev xaiv pauv pauv dawb.

Cov kev nyab xeeb loj tuaj yeem yuav dawb thiab muag ntawm thiab tawm kev sib pauv. Tab sis qee zaum, kev lag luam nyiaj txiag nrog kev nyab xeeb yuav raug txwv, thiab lawv tuaj yeem muag tau rau cov neeg uas tau tshaj tawm, thiab tom qab tas sij hawm ntawm lub sijhawm pom zoo. Cov kev nyab xeeb zoo li no tsis tuaj yeem yog cov khoom sib pauv. Tsuas yog cov kev nyab xeeb uas tau muab tso rau hauv qhov ntim txaus kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev thov tuaj yeem tsim nyog rau qhov xwm txheej no.

Nyiaj

Vim tias txhua lub tebchaws muaj nws cov txiaj ntsig, thiab tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem them tus nqi ib zaug, tom qab ntawd thaum yuav khoom txawv teb chaws, ib tus yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov txheej txheem hloov ib lub txiaj mus rau lwm qhov. Feem ntau, tag nrho cov nyiaj txawv teb chaws thiab kev nyab xeeb uas suav nrog lawv qhov sib npaug, txhais tau tias kev them nyiaj thiab cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig yog hu ua txiaj.

Cov kws tshaj lij tau txiav txim siab ntev npaum li qhov txiaj ntsig yog cov khoom lag luam pauv uas tuaj yeem muag thiab yuav. Txhawm rau ua kev yuav khoom thiab muag, koj yuav tsum paub tias tus nqi pauv tam sim no yog dab tsi thiab nws tuaj yeem hloov pauv li cas. Tus nqi pauv yog tus nqi uas cov nyiaj txawv teb chaws tuaj yeem yuav lossis muag. Tus nqi pauv tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm lub xeev, thiabTej zaum yuav raug txiav txim los ntawm kev muab khoom thiab kev thov ntawm kev qhib kev lag luam.

Thaum txiav txim siab tus nqi pauv, nws tsim nyog xav txog qhov kev sib pauv ncaj qha thiab thim rov qab ntawm cov khoom, uas tau muab nrog qhov tseeb ntawm plaub tus lej tom qab tus lej lej. Feem ntau feem ntau muaj cov lus hais ncaj qha, uas txhais tau hais tias qee qhov txiaj ntsig (feem ntau yog 100 units) yog lub hauv paus rau kev tsim tus nqi tsis ruaj khov ntawm lub teb chaws txiaj. Piv txwv li, franc pauv tus nqi ntawm 72.6510 rau guilders yuav txhais tau tias rau 100 guilders koj tuaj yeem tau txais 72.6510 francs.

Tsis tshua muaj, tab sis tseem tshwm sim, kev sib pauv siv cov lus rov qab raws li tus nqi tas li ntawm lub teb chaws txiaj. Txog thaum xyoo 1971, nws tau siv hauv tebchaws Askiv, txij li tsis muaj cov lej lej hauv cov nyiaj tau los, cov lus rov qab tau yooj yim siv dua li qhov ncaj qha.

Lub tswvyim ntawm cov khoom
Lub tswvyim ntawm cov khoom

Kev lag luam txiaj ntawm kev sib pauv khoom lag luam tsuas yog ua tau yog tias tsis muaj lub xeev txwv rau nws qhov muag dawb thiab yuav.

khoom lag luam

Yog tias txhua yam meej nrog kev nyab xeeb thiab txiaj, ces kev lag luam khoom lag luam yog ib qho qauv tsim dua. Qhov no yog ib tug complex socio-economic qeb, uas yog manifested nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev sib tshuam. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias qhov no yog qhov sib pauv ntawm cov khoom lag luam, uas muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev yuav khoom thiab muag khoom, thiab muaj qee yam kev lag luam uas muag khoom.

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom lag luam:

  • Supply is the total of production.
  • Kev thov - qhov xav tau ntawm cov khoom tsimCov pejxeem hnyav.
  • Tus nqi yog tus nqi ntawm cov khoom.

Tsis tas li, cov khoom lag luam tuaj yeem muab faib ua kev lag luam ntawm cov khoom tiav, cov kev pabcuam, cov khoom siv raw thiab cov khoom tiav ib nrab. Cov ntu no, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib mus rau hauv kev lag luam rau nyias manufactured khoom, ntawm cov uas muaj kev lag luam pauv.

Non-ferrous thiab precious hlau

Txhua cov hlau tau muab faib ua kev lag luam thiab muaj nuj nqis. Cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig muaj xws li kub, uas feem ntau ua rau cov khoom lag luam txhawm rau txhawm rau khaws nyiaj. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nce nqi siab hauv kev nyab xeeb thiab kev lag luam txiaj, tib neeg tab tom tig mus rau cov khoom lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los tiv thaiv lawv cov cuab tam. Txij li thaum lub extraction ntawm precious hlau yog txwv, lawv tus nqi tseem nyob ruaj khov, txawm hais tias muaj peev xwm hloov pauv hauv kev lag luam.

Kev lag luam pauv cov hlau yog tooj liab, aluminium, zinc, lead, tin thiab nickel. Lawv feem ntau tau yuav los siv dua, yog li lawv cov nqi cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev thov.

Cov khoom yog
Cov khoom yog

Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov hlau uas muaj ob qhov xwm txheej. Piv txwv li, nyiaj. Hauv qee lub sijhawm, nws tau pom tias yog cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig, tom qab ntawd - raws li kev lag luam. Nws tag nrho yog nyob ntawm kev lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, kev lag luam thiab cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig yog cov piv txwv classic ntawm cov khoom muag.

Oil Market

Txog txog 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam rau cov roj thiab cov khoom siv roj yog ib yam dab tsi uas tsis muaj tseeb thiab tsis ruaj khov, txij li qib siab ntawm monopolization yuav ua rau muaj kev hloov loj hauvkev lag luam kev sib raug zoo. Tab sis txawm nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, kev coj ua ntawm kev txiav txim siab luv luv (ib zaug) cuam tshuam nrog cov muag lossis cov neeg yuav khoom uas tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog kev lag luam monopoly pib tshwm sim.

Nyob rau hauv lub 70s, ntiav refineries pib tsim lawv tus kheej factories. Lawv cov khoom tau pom qhov xav tau thiab raug muag txawm tias nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev, txawm hais tias feem ntau cov tuam txhab xws li nkag mus rau hauv luv luv (ib zaug) deals. Txij li thaum muaj ntau qhov kev cog lus luv luv, cov tuam txhab yuav cov khoom siv raw li zoo sib xws.

Nyob rau xyoo 1980s, kev lag luam roj tau los ua tsis ruaj khov thiab tus nqi ntawm cov ntawv cog lus mus sij hawm ntev poob qis heev. Kev ua lag luam rau kev lag luam ib zaug tau pib sai sai, uas tau them tag nrho cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Tau kawg, qhov no kuj ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev poob nyiaj txiag vim kev hloov pauv ntawm tus nqi. Yog li ntawd, tau ntev lawm, cov kws tshaj lij tau nrhiav nyiaj txiag uas yuav pab kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj. Kev sib pauv tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov cuab yeej no.

Roj thiab roj

Nyob rau xyoo 1981, New York Mercantile Exchange tau tsim ib daim ntawv cog lus muag thiab kev yuav khoom rau cov roj av, uas ua pov thawj tias ua tau zoo heev. Peb xyoos tom qab, nws tau hloov los ntawm daim ntawv cog lus rau kev yuav thiab muab cov roj av tsis muaj roj, uas tam sim ntawd nyiam cov neeg lag luam roj. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-90s, tsis zoo tag nrho cov kev muag khoom tau tshwm sim rau cov khoom pauv pauv no nrog rau kev qhia txog cov cai tshiab uas tiv thaiv ib puag ncig. Tab sis twb thaum kawg ntawm 1996, tag nrho cov teeb meem tau daws, thiab kev lag luam hauv kev lag luam no txuas ntxiv nrog kev vam meej.

Nyob rau xyoo kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, yav tom ntej tau qhiakev cog lus rau natural gas. Txawm li cas los xij, thawj qhov kev sim tsis tau ua tiav raws li qhov xav tau. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog lub unformed centers ntawm loj muag khoom thiab cov khoom xa khoom. Txawm hais tias tam sim no cov ntawv cog lus cog qoob loo zoo li ntxim nyiam heev.

Indices

Thiab qhov kawg uas tsim nyog hais thaum piav txog cov khoom lag luam yog cov khoom lag luam. Lawv tau tsim los kom cov neeg sib tw tau txais cov ntaub ntawv zoo txog qhov tshwm sim hauv khw. Thaum pib, qhov ntsuas tau ua tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv muaj nuj nqi, qhia txog kev lag luam thiab kev loj hlob sai.

Cov npe khoom
Cov npe khoom

Tab sis maj mam sib sau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xeev cov khoom lag luam, cov kws lag luam thiab cov nyiaj txiag muaj peev xwm ua rau kev kwv yees. Tom qab tag nrho, yav dhau los koj tuaj yeem pom qhov xwm txheej zoo sib xws thiab pom tias qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas tau zoo li cas. Qhov zoo li yuav tshwm sim dua nyob rau lub sijhawm tam sim no yog siab heev.

Lub sijhawm dhau mus, kev siv qhov ntsuas tau dhau los ua ntau yam haujlwm. Nws txawm pib siv los ua ib qho khoom lag luam, muab nws ua cov khoom lag luam yooj yim rau kev tsim cov ntawv cog lus yav tom ntej. Indices yog sectoral, ntiaj teb no, regional thiab dawb, lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov kev lag luam. Txawm hais tias lawv tau tshwm sim hauv khw muag khoom, qhov twg lawv tseem muaj kev faib khoom loj tshaj plaws.

Indices feem ntau yog muaj npe tom qab tus neeg uas tau los nrog cov txheej txheem lossis xov xwm uas suav nrog lawv. Lub ntiaj teb nto moo tshaj plaws thiab qub tshaj plaws yog Dow Jones Performance index. Charles Dow, tus tswv ntawm DowJones , xyoo 1884, sim nkag siab tias tus nqi ntawm cov shares ntawm kaum ib lub tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws tau hloov pauv li cas. Txawm hais tias nws tau tswj kom suav tsis tau ntau npaum li qhov ntsuas qhov nruab nrab, tab sis txawm tias niaj hnub no txoj kev no tau siv hauv kev lag luam.

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