Fundamentals of pharmaceutical technology: tswvyim, nta, hom phiaj thiab hom phiaj

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Nrog kev pab ntawm cov tshuaj, ib tug neeg tau kho ntau yam kab mob mus ntev heev. Cov kev npaj zoo li no tau ua los ntawm cov kws kho mob ntawm sab hnub tuaj thaum ub. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 2nd AD, cov khoom raws li sulfur, tooj liab, hlau, thiab mercury yuav siv tau rau kev kho mob. Niaj hnub no, cov tshuaj uas ua los ntawm kev siv tshuaj muaj ntau heev. Kev kho mob ntawm yuav luag txhua yam kab mob yog ua los ntawm kev siv li no xwb.

Definition

Pharmaceutical technology yog ib ceg ntawm kev tshawb fawb uas tsim txoj hauv kev kom tau txais ntau yam kev kho mob, prophylactic, kuaj mob thiab kho cov tshuaj kho mob hauv daim ntawv tshuaj lossis cov tshuaj kho mob. Lo lus techne yog txhais los ntawm Greek li "kev txawj ntse, kos duab". Logos txhais tau tias "science".

Lo lus Pharmakon yog Greek rau "tshuaj". Ntawd yog, cov lus qhia "kev siv tshuaj kho mob" tuaj yeem txhais tau tias "kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev kos duab ntawm kev npaj tshuaj."

Kev txhim kho hauvAntiquities

Cov kws kho mob tau pib kho cov neeg siv tshuaj tshwj xeeb thaum ntxov li xyoo pua 2 BC. n. uh, tej zaum txawm tias ua ntej. Txawm li cas los xij, lub paj tiag tiag ntawm kev kho mob chemistry, lossis, raws li nws tau hu ua, "iatrochemistry", poob rau lub sijhawm ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Tus tsim ntawm no science yog Paracelsus. Tus kws tshawb fawb no ntseeg tias tsis muaj kev paub txog chemistry, nws tsis tuaj yeem kho tib neeg zoo. Paracelsus yog thawj zaug faib cov hlau thiab kuaj ntau yam tshuaj.

Thaum pib, cov kws kho mob tau tsim ntau yam tshuaj ntawm lawv tus kheej xwb. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, kev tsim cov tshuaj tau hloov mus rau cov khw muag tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv Moscow, piv txwv li, thawj qhov chaw pej xeem zoo li no tau qhib nyob rau hauv 1673. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawd, tsis yog tsuas yog kws muag tshuaj, tab sis kuj barbers muaj cai los tsim tshuaj.

Pharmacy in the XIX-XX centuries

Nyob rau xyoo tom ntej, kev kho mob chemistry tsim los ntawm leaps thiab ciam teb. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, piv txwv li:

• pib tsim tshuaj thawj zaug;
• invented nyuaj gelatin capsules;
• tsim tshuaj rau kev txhaj tshuaj subcutaneous;
• tsim lub koob txhaj tshuaj;
• tsim pom thiab ua kom tsis muaj menyuam txoj hauv kev;
• pib siv sodium chloride 0.9% ua saline.

In the XX century. Cov tshuaj tua kab mob tau tshawb pom thiab tsim cov tshuaj siv cov txheej txheem biotechnology pib. Tom qab ntawd, txawm tias cov tshuaj zoo dua thiab txoj hauv kev ua rau lawv tau tsim.

Pharmaceutical technology term

Thawj zaug, kev kho mob chemistry hu ua iatrochemistry. Tom qab ntawd, pharmacognosy sawv tawm ntawm tag nrho cov complex ntawm xws li sciences. Ntxiv mus, ceg no tau pib hu ua tsev muag tshuaj. Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev, kev kawm thiab kev txhim kho ntawm kev tsim tshuaj yeeb yaj kiab tau suav hais tias yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm zoo. Tom qab no science tau raug xa mus rau kws tshuaj chemistry.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Tus naj npawb ntawm txoj kev npaj tshuaj tau nthuav dav heev. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub 1st Congress ntawm Pharmaceutical Education nyob rau hauv 1924 nyob rau hauv lub USSR, nws tau txiav txim siab muab cov ceg ntawm kev tshawb fawb lub npe "Technology ntawm tshuaj ntsuab npaj thiab ntau npaum cov ntaub ntawv." Nws yog ib theem tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho thiab tsim cov kev taw qhia no.

Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab cov kws tshawb fawb tau pib tsim cov ntawv ntau npaum li liposomes, tshuaj macroregular, tshuaj tswj cov hlau nplaum, thiab lwm yam. Yog li ntawd, lub npe tau xaiv nyob rau xyoo 1920 tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam txog cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev qhuab qhia. Yog li ntawd, kev lag luam tau hloov npe hu ua "Tsev Tshuaj Kho Mob".

Lub hom phiaj thiab lub hom phiaj

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov tshuaj lom neeg, tshuaj lom neeg, kev cai lub cev txhawm rau siv lawv hauv kev tsim tshuaj.

Tam sim no, cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb no tau koom nrog:

• txhim kho txoj kev tsim tshuaj uas twb muaj lawm;

• kev tsim cov txheej txheem tshiab rau kev tsim tshuaj, suav nrog qhov tseebkev ua tiav ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ntsig txog.

Tsis tas li, ib lub hom phiaj thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm kev siv tshuaj kho mob yog kev tshawb nrhiav cov tshuaj ntxiv uas tuaj yeem txhim kho cov tshuaj uas twb muaj lawm, ua rau lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nrog qhov tsawg kawg ntawm cov kev mob tshwm sim. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb no tau koom nrog:

• kawm kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov tshuaj thiab tsim lawv lub neej txee;
• kawm txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov nyiaj no.

Kev tshawb fawb tshuaj siv tshuab kev daws teeb meem, hmoov, ntsiav tshuaj npaj rau kev kho mob, tiv thaiv, kuaj mob. Kev txiav txim siab qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev tsim tshuaj, cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb no suav nrog cov nqi xws li cov nqi, cov khoom zoo, cov khoom siv raw, cov nqi zog.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tshuaj raws li kev tshawb fawb hauv cov tshuaj niaj hnub no siab heev. Tom qab tag nrho, cov kws kho mob siv tshuaj los kho cov neeg mob hauv 90% ntawm cov neeg mob. Cov nyiaj no yog siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua qhov chaw ntawm cov tshuaj. Lawv siv los ntawm cov kws kho mob, kws phais neeg, kws kho hniav, kws kho mob, thiab lwm yam.

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb

Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv tshuaj kho mob yog:

• tshuaj - tshuaj lossis lawv cov khoom sib xyaw siv rau kev kuaj mob, tiv thaiv, kho cov kab mob lossis hloov pauv hauv lub xeev ntawm lub cev;
• cov ntawv noj tshuaj - lub xeev muab rau cov txhais tau tias, yooj yim rau kev siv (cov ntsiav tshuaj, cov tshuaj, tshuaj ntsiav);
• tshuaj ntsuab - cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg siv hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj OTC (cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj);
• kev npaj - ib yam khoom tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj hauv lub xeev yooj yim rau kev siv.

Thiab thoob plaws hauv lub neej ntawm kev siv tshuaj, cov ntsiab lus no tau hloov pauv tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, cov tshuaj pib ua tiav tau hu ua cov tshuaj yooj yim hauv ntiaj teb. Lo lus no tau siv dav heev, suav nrog hauv Russia. Tab sis tom qab ntawd, hauv kev pom zoo nrog lwm lub tebchaws, lub npe "tshuaj" tau pib siv hauv peb lub tebchaws.

Hnub no, tag nrho cov lus hauv daim ntawv teev npe yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev siv tshuaj kho mob raws li kev qhuab qhia kev tshawb fawb.

Biopharmacy

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, thaum ntsuas qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj, lub ntsiab xim tsuas yog them rau tej yam xws li xim, tsw, loj, ntim. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawd nws tau pom tias cov tshuaj ntawm tib yam muaj pes tsawg leeg, tsim los ntawm cov tuam txhab sib txawv, tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm qhov ua tau zoo. Yog li ntawd, ib qho kev taw qhia tshiab ntawm kev siv tshuaj thev naus laus zis tau tshwm sim uas kawm txog kev vam khom ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov tshuaj tiav ntawm ntau yam - biopharmacy. Tam sim no, kev lag luam no yog lub hauv paus kev tshawb fawb rau kev tshawb nrhiav txoj hauv kev los tsim thiab tsim cov tshuaj tshiab. Biopharmacy kawm txog kev vam khom ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm:

• tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov tshuaj nquag thiab nws cov concentration;
• ntawm lub cev lub cev ntawm cov tshuaj (cov duab ntawm cov muaju, muaj / tsis muaj nqi ntawm cov khoom, thiab lwm yam);
• tshuaj lom neeg thiab qhov siab ntawm excipients, txoj kev ntawm kev tswj hwm, daim ntawv ntau npaum li cas;
• kev tsim khoom thiab khoom siv.

Kev tsim khoom siv kho mob

Lwm thaj chaw ntawm cov tshuaj siv tshuaj yog tshuaj siv tshuaj. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no suav nrog kev ua cov khoom siv raw, nrog rau cov tshuaj synthesis ntawm cov tebchaw los tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg, enzymes, thiab lwm yam txhawm rau tsim cov khoom kho mob thiab kws kho tsiaj.

Prospects

Tam sim no, kev siv tshuaj kho mob tau suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov kev qhuab qhia kev tshawb fawb nyuaj tshaj plaws. Rau kev ntsuam xyuas kom raug thiab nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj, kev paub yog xav tau nyob rau hauv xws li chemistry, physics, microbiology, pharmacokinetics, biopharmacy, thiab lwm yam. Kev tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv mus sai, thiab cov kev daws teeb meem tshiab uas tshwm sim hauv nws. lub moj khaum tam sim ntawd dhau los ua ib kauj ruam rau kev tshawb pom tom ntej.

Tau tsim cov tshuaj, cov cuab yeej siv tau, raws li koj paub, txawv. Cov txheej txheem thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, piv nrog rau lub xyoo pua 20, tau hloov pauv tseem ceeb. Tau kawg, cov ntsiav tshuaj, tshuaj ntsiav thiab cov kev daws teeb meem tseem muaj niaj hnub no. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj pharmacological nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XXI. muaj kev cuam tshuam lojKev tshawb pom thiab kev loj hlob ntawm DDL - txoj kev tshiab ntawm kev xa tshuaj raws li nanotechnology.

Piv txwv li, hauv kev siv tshuaj ntau lawm, cov nqa khoom xws li:

• liposomes;
• polymer;
• micelles;

Yuav kwv yees thiab ua kom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj, cov txheej txheem xws li kev npaj lej ntawm kev sim yog siv dav niaj hnub no. Cov tshuab no tso cai rau koj los tsim cov qauv uas koj tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas cov qauv tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau kev tsim cov tshuaj. Qhov no tso cai rau koj los txo tus nqi tom kawg thiab tib lub sijhawm txhim kho qhov zoo.

Ntse

Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv tshuaj niaj hnub no yog:

• nce cov solubility ntawm sparingly soluble tshuaj nyob rau hauv lipids thiab dej;
• nce kev ruaj ntseg ntawm heterogeneous thiab homogeneous systems;
• ncua sijhawm ntawm kev ua yeeb tshuaj;
• tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj cov tshuaj pharmacokinetic.

Thaum tsim cov tshuaj-tshuaj tshuaj, cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub siv cov thev naus laus zis, thiab lwm yam, raws li qhov kev ua tiav tshiab ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb xws li colloid chemistry thiab polymer chemistry. Cov cheeb tsam no tseem tab tom txhim kho nquag niaj hnub no.

Tam sim no tab tom tsim thiabcov txheej txheem tshiab ntawm ziab, extraction, microencapsulation ntawm cov tshuaj raug txhim kho. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tau koom nrog kev tsim cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub los tshuaj xyuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov tshuaj. Vim li ntawd, cov tshuaj muab rau cov chaw kho mob thiab cov khw muag tshuaj niaj hnub no tau ua haujlwm zoo thiab siv tau zoo dua.