Ib qho hlau yog cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke. Alloy khoom

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Txhua tus tau hnov lo lus "hloov", thiab qee qhov xav tias nws yog ib qho piv txwv nrog lo lus "hlau". Tab sis cov tswv yim no txawv. Cov hlau yog ib pawg ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, thaum cov hlau yog cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke. Nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, hlau yog xyaum tsis siv, ntxiv mus, lawv yog ib qho nyuaj rau tau txais nyob rau hauv lawv cov ntshiab daim ntawv. Whereas alloys yog ubiquitous.

Dab tsi yog alloy

Cia peb mus saib qhov teeb meem no. Yog li, ib qho alloy yog kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau cov hlau los yog ib qho thiab ntau yam tsis yog xim hlau additives. Cov kev sib txuas zoo li no tau siv txhua qhov chaw. Ib qho hlau yog ib qho macroscopic homogeneous system tau los ntawm melting. Lawv tau paub txij thaum ub, thaum tib neeg, siv cov thev naus laus zis qub, kawm tsim cov hlau, tooj liab, thiab me ntsis tom qab, steel.

Kev tsim khoom thiab siv cov ntaub ntawv no yog vim qhov tseeb tias nws tuaj yeem tau txais cov hlau alloy nrog cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis, thaum muaj ntau yam ntxwv (lub zog, hardness, corrosion resistance, thiab lwm yam) siab dua li ntawmnws tus kheej cov khoom.

hom tsiaj

alloys cais li cas? Qhov no yog ua raws li hom hlau, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib txuas, uas yog:

1. Dub. Lub hauv paus yog hlau. Ferrous alloys suav nrog txhua hom hlau thiab cam khwb cia hlau.
2. xim. Lub hauv paus yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau. Feem ntau cov tsis-ferrous alloys yog raws li tooj liab thiab txhuas.
3. Tsis tshua muaj hlau alloys. Raws li vanadium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten. Feem ntau siv hauv hluav taws xob engineering.
4. Alloys of radioactive metals.

Rau cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, lwm cov ntsiab lus ntxiv rau cov hlau - hlau thiab tsis yog hlau, uas txhim kho nws cov cuab yeej technology. Cov additives no hu ua alloying. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj teeb meem impurities muaj nyob rau hauv alloys - yog tias lawv cov nqi tso cai tau dhau, ntau yam ntawm cov khoom raug txo. Yog li, tam sim no koj paub tias lub alloy yog dab tsi.

Alloys kuj tau muab faib ua ob npaug, triple thiab lwm yam - raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom. Raws li homogeneity ntawm cov qauv - mus rau hauv homogeneous thiab heterogeneous. Los ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb - fusible thiab refractory, siab-lub zog, tshav kub-resistant, tiv thaiv kev sib txhuam, corrosion-resistant thiab cov ntaub ntawv nrog tshwj xeeb zog.

Mechanical Properties

Cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov hlau txiav txim siab qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom thaum raug rau sab nraud quab yuam. Txhawm rau kom paub cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib txuas, tus qauv yog raug rau ntau yam kev ntsuam xyuas (stretch, kos, thauj khoom, nias lub pob hlau lossis pob zeb diamond cone rau hauv nws, kawm hauv qab no.microscope) los txiav txim siab lub zog, elasticity, plasticity.

Lub cev

Cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm ib qho alloy txiav txim siab nws lub cev. Cov no muaj xws li lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, hluav taws xob conductivity, melting point, tshwj xeeb kub muaj peev xwm, coefficient ntawm volumetric thiab linear expansion. Lub cev muaj zog kuj suav nrog cov khoom sib nqus ntawm cov hlau. Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv los ntawm residual induction thiab magnetic permeability.

Tshuaj

Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov hlau yog dab tsi? Cov no yog cov yam ntxwv uas txiav txim siab seb cov khoom yuav ua li cas rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam active, nrog rau cov neeg ua phem. Kev cuam tshuam tshuaj lom neeg ntawm ib puag ncig tuaj yeem pom qhov muag: hlau yog "noj" los ntawm xeb, txheej ntsuab ntawm oxides tshwm ntawm tooj liab, hlau yaj hauv sulfuric acid.

Hauv metallurgy thiab hnyav engineering, ntau txoj hauv kev tau siv los tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam ntawm sab nraud ib puag ncig: tshiab, ntau cov ntaub ntawv tiv taus raws li tooj liab, titanium thiab npib tsib xee raug tsim, alloys tau npog nrog cov txheej tiv thaiv - varnishes, xim, oxide zaj duab xis, txhim kho lawv cov qauv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib puag ncig tsis zoo, kev lag luam txhua xyoo raug kev puas tsuaj rau ntau lab tons ntawm hlau thiab cam khwb cia hlau.

Technological

Kev tsim khoom - nws yog dab tsi? Ib qho alloy hauv kev lag luam yog xav tau tsis yog los ntawm nws tus kheej, ib feem yog tsim los ntawm nws. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom yuav tsum tau rhuab, txiav, deformed, kho cua sov thiab lwm yam manipulations. Manufacturability yog lub peev xwm ntawm ib tug alloy yuav raug rau ntau yam kev kub thiab txiastxias ua hauj lwm, xws li melting, yooj yim rau kis thiab sau cov pwm, kub los yog txias deformation (forging, kub thiab txias stamping), vuam, hlau-txiav.

Technological khoom tuaj yeem muab faib ua:

1. Ntiaj teb. Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm fluidity - lub peev xwm los sau cov pwm rau casting, shrinkage (feem pua ntawm cov ntim poob tom qab txias, solidification) thiab segregation - ib tug complex txheej txheem nyob rau hauv uas ib tug inhomogeneous qauv ntawm cov khoom yog tsim nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub casting.
2. Txhob Cia Siab. Qhov no yog lub peev xwm ntawm cov hlau alloy kom deform nyob rau hauv kev poob siab loading thiab coj cov yam xav tau yam tsis tau poob ntawm kev ncaj ncees. Qee cov hlau yog malleable tsuas yog thaum kub, lwm tus yog txias thiab kub. Piv txwv li, steel yog forged nyob rau hauv daim ntawv kub. Alloys ntawm aluminium thiab tooj dag coj qhov xav tau zoo ntawm chav tsev kub. Bronze tsis qiv nws tus kheej zoo rau kev cuam tshuam deformation, thaum cam khwb cia hlau tsis yog ductile thiab raug puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm ib tug rauj (xws li malleable cam khwb cia hlau).
3. Weldability. Tsawg-carbon steel muaj qhov zoo weldability, tus yam ntxwv no yog qhov phem dua rau cov hlau alloy siab thiab cam khwb cia hlau.